Liquid biofuel production using microorganisms: too small to make a difference? Prof Rod J Scott

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1 Liquid biofuel production using microorganisms: too small to make a difference? Prof Rod J Scott 18 th Feb 2014

2 Thirst for fuel: car and air transport

3 Global, per day, oil consumption million barrels/day 80% liquid fuels 14,310,000,000 L/day Units above are gallons 1 barrel of oil = 159 litres

4 5,724 Olympic swimming pools 14,310,000,000 Litres 50 metres long, 25 metres wide, minimum of 2 metres deep. 2,500,000L

5 How is oil made and how long does it take? NATURALLY: million years buried to depth sufficient to achieve high temperature & pressure 30 barrels/day for 200 million years Total 2.2 trillion barrels Current consumption is 2-3 million times faster than formation LAB: high temperature and pressure pyrolysis hydrothermal liquifaction

6 Oil is derived from a tough algal cell wall biopolymer, algaenan VLCFA (C 18 -C 36 ) polyester heteropolymer

7 Fuel: rising demand for a finite resource EU-6 RUB EU-6 USA, RUB Canada USA, Canada

8 Rising temperature and atmospheric CO 2 levels < 2 o C rise limit % reduction % reduction Copenhagen 2009

9 I-SEE seminar 18 th MARCH 2014 A cool look at Global Warming

10 Liquid renewables 33% Photovoltaic Solar thermal Geothermal Wind and wave 66% Ethanol Biodiesel Methane Butanol Hydrogen Need renewable source of liquid fuel

11 Solar powered liquid renewable fuels 3,400,000 surface (1 EJ=10 18 joules) 10x all the estimated (discovered and undiscovered) non-renewable energy resources, inc. fossil fuels and nuclear

12 Biofuels: solar to chemical energy Use photosynthesis to capture solar energy in combustible molecules ethanol, hydrocarbons 5,700 X global energy demand/day 100% efficiency = 0.017% of Earth s surface Sucrose Lipid/biodiesel Ethanol

13 With benefits: CO 2 mitigation

14 Drop-in

15 Bacteria Making drop-in biofuels: bioethanol Yeast

16 Making drop-in biofuels: biodiesel How biodiesel is made

17 8% solar conversion efficiency ( % of arable land) Brazilian sugarcane bioethanol 50% domestic transport fuel 1% of Brazil's arable land 7,534,247 L/day (global gasoline = 6,153,300,000 L/day) 45% more ethanol per unit area than corn ethanol $0.29/L US corn ethanol $0.22/L Brazil sugarcane ethanol OECD (2006) 2004 prices.

18 Biofuels: challenges to development Food for Fuel Cheap competition Lack of incentive Cost

19 Conflict for resources: Food vs Fuel 30% USA corn harvest to bioethanol 54%

20 Population - competition for resources 2013 = 7,200,000,000

21 Resources: Land Wait a minute -149 new people

22 Agriculture must be protected 2050 = 9.3 billion people Global grain production must DOUBLE

23 Land is limited or in the wrong place % of total world 2050

24 Land is limited or in the wrong place

25 Perfect storm

26 Conflict for resources: Drink or Drive Agriculture 70% global water consumption

27 Microbes small, but big in biomass Image: ESA

28 Microalgae offer efficient land-use and less competition with agriculture Oil Oil Oil Chisti 2007 Triacylglyceride (TAG) Transesterification Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME)

29 Biofuels: challenges to development Food for Fuel Cheap competition Lack of incentive Cost

30 Challenges: cheap competition

31 Coal: plentiful supply

32 Coal to liquid

33 Natural gas

34 Gas to liquid: Fischer Tropsch process Hans Tropsch1930 Franz Fischer 1934

35 Biofuels: challenges to development Food for Fuel Cheap competition Lack of incentive Cost

36 Algaloil 1.8t CO 2 per t biomass

37 Challenges: cost 1 barrel of oil (159 $ (Brent Crude) $0.69/L Oil Oil CapEx Open ponds Closed photobioreactor OpEx Electricity for cultivation CO 2 Nitrogen fertilizer Phosphate fertilizer Electricity for harvesting/dewatering Electricity for cell cracking Oil extraction Transesterification

38 Challenges: cost Reduce capital costs of production facilities (open pond/pbr) Increase productivity (biomass yield g/m 2 /d) Stephens et al 2010

39 Constraints that add significantly to cost Oil is synthesized in nutrient poor stationary phase cells Results in 2 phase production process Fed-batch challenging N+ N- Day

40 Constraints that add significantly to cost There is a trade-off between light penetration and culture density Resulting in high harvesting & dewatering costs Low cell density at harvest < 3 g/l WET, WET, WET Day 0 Day 14

41 Better algal strains Features High growth rates Resist contamination High cell wall algaenan content Low protein (NOX) C.emersonii S.vacuolatus (H. D. Smith-Baedorf, 2012)

42 Waste feedstocks and co-products reduce production costs AD Pigments Waste water FREE INPUTS N P Algal biomass Feed protein OUTPUTS Liquid Fuel CO 2 Polished water Cleaning system

43 Hydrothermal liquifaction Mitigate constraints by mimicking natural oil forming process to produce bio-crude (for direct blending with petroleum crude)

44 Cost comparisons Algae-derived gasoline produced using HTL 5-10 years Liu et al 2013 Bioresource Technology 148

45 Depends on what you believe and/or where you live Liquid biofuel production using microorganisms: too small to make a difference?

46 Thank you

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