Liquid biofuel production using microorganisms: too small to make a difference? Prof Rod J Scott
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1 Liquid biofuel production using microorganisms: too small to make a difference? Prof Rod J Scott 18 th Feb 2014
2 Thirst for fuel: car and air transport
3 Global, per day, oil consumption million barrels/day 80% liquid fuels 14,310,000,000 L/day Units above are gallons 1 barrel of oil = 159 litres
4 5,724 Olympic swimming pools 14,310,000,000 Litres 50 metres long, 25 metres wide, minimum of 2 metres deep. 2,500,000L
5 How is oil made and how long does it take? NATURALLY: million years buried to depth sufficient to achieve high temperature & pressure 30 barrels/day for 200 million years Total 2.2 trillion barrels Current consumption is 2-3 million times faster than formation LAB: high temperature and pressure pyrolysis hydrothermal liquifaction
6 Oil is derived from a tough algal cell wall biopolymer, algaenan VLCFA (C 18 -C 36 ) polyester heteropolymer
7 Fuel: rising demand for a finite resource EU-6 RUB EU-6 USA, RUB Canada USA, Canada
8 Rising temperature and atmospheric CO 2 levels < 2 o C rise limit % reduction % reduction Copenhagen 2009
9 I-SEE seminar 18 th MARCH 2014 A cool look at Global Warming
10 Liquid renewables 33% Photovoltaic Solar thermal Geothermal Wind and wave 66% Ethanol Biodiesel Methane Butanol Hydrogen Need renewable source of liquid fuel
11 Solar powered liquid renewable fuels 3,400,000 surface (1 EJ=10 18 joules) 10x all the estimated (discovered and undiscovered) non-renewable energy resources, inc. fossil fuels and nuclear
12 Biofuels: solar to chemical energy Use photosynthesis to capture solar energy in combustible molecules ethanol, hydrocarbons 5,700 X global energy demand/day 100% efficiency = 0.017% of Earth s surface Sucrose Lipid/biodiesel Ethanol
13 With benefits: CO 2 mitigation
14 Drop-in
15 Bacteria Making drop-in biofuels: bioethanol Yeast
16 Making drop-in biofuels: biodiesel How biodiesel is made
17 8% solar conversion efficiency ( % of arable land) Brazilian sugarcane bioethanol 50% domestic transport fuel 1% of Brazil's arable land 7,534,247 L/day (global gasoline = 6,153,300,000 L/day) 45% more ethanol per unit area than corn ethanol $0.29/L US corn ethanol $0.22/L Brazil sugarcane ethanol OECD (2006) 2004 prices.
18 Biofuels: challenges to development Food for Fuel Cheap competition Lack of incentive Cost
19 Conflict for resources: Food vs Fuel 30% USA corn harvest to bioethanol 54%
20 Population - competition for resources 2013 = 7,200,000,000
21 Resources: Land Wait a minute -149 new people
22 Agriculture must be protected 2050 = 9.3 billion people Global grain production must DOUBLE
23 Land is limited or in the wrong place % of total world 2050
24 Land is limited or in the wrong place
25 Perfect storm
26 Conflict for resources: Drink or Drive Agriculture 70% global water consumption
27 Microbes small, but big in biomass Image: ESA
28 Microalgae offer efficient land-use and less competition with agriculture Oil Oil Oil Chisti 2007 Triacylglyceride (TAG) Transesterification Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME)
29 Biofuels: challenges to development Food for Fuel Cheap competition Lack of incentive Cost
30 Challenges: cheap competition
31 Coal: plentiful supply
32 Coal to liquid
33 Natural gas
34 Gas to liquid: Fischer Tropsch process Hans Tropsch1930 Franz Fischer 1934
35 Biofuels: challenges to development Food for Fuel Cheap competition Lack of incentive Cost
36 Algaloil 1.8t CO 2 per t biomass
37 Challenges: cost 1 barrel of oil (159 $ (Brent Crude) $0.69/L Oil Oil CapEx Open ponds Closed photobioreactor OpEx Electricity for cultivation CO 2 Nitrogen fertilizer Phosphate fertilizer Electricity for harvesting/dewatering Electricity for cell cracking Oil extraction Transesterification
38 Challenges: cost Reduce capital costs of production facilities (open pond/pbr) Increase productivity (biomass yield g/m 2 /d) Stephens et al 2010
39 Constraints that add significantly to cost Oil is synthesized in nutrient poor stationary phase cells Results in 2 phase production process Fed-batch challenging N+ N- Day
40 Constraints that add significantly to cost There is a trade-off between light penetration and culture density Resulting in high harvesting & dewatering costs Low cell density at harvest < 3 g/l WET, WET, WET Day 0 Day 14
41 Better algal strains Features High growth rates Resist contamination High cell wall algaenan content Low protein (NOX) C.emersonii S.vacuolatus (H. D. Smith-Baedorf, 2012)
42 Waste feedstocks and co-products reduce production costs AD Pigments Waste water FREE INPUTS N P Algal biomass Feed protein OUTPUTS Liquid Fuel CO 2 Polished water Cleaning system
43 Hydrothermal liquifaction Mitigate constraints by mimicking natural oil forming process to produce bio-crude (for direct blending with petroleum crude)
44 Cost comparisons Algae-derived gasoline produced using HTL 5-10 years Liu et al 2013 Bioresource Technology 148
45 Depends on what you believe and/or where you live Liquid biofuel production using microorganisms: too small to make a difference?
46 Thank you
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