Heavy Liquid Hydrocarbons: Their Production and the Resulting CO 2 Footprint

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1 Heavy Liquid Hydrocarbons: Their Production and the Resulting CO 2 Footprint Tony Kovscek Stanford University Energy Resources Engineering kovscek@stanford.edu

2 First, a little quiz

3 Where does imported oil originate? Jan - Jul %4%1%1%1% 3% 6% 1%1%1%0% 4% Domestic Production 36% 7% 9% 9% 12% Energy Information Administration,

4 Where does imported oil originate? 3% 3% 4%1%1%1%1%1%1%0% 4% 6% 7% Saudi Arabia 9% Mexico 9% Canada 12% 36% Domestic Canada Mexico Saudi Arabia Venezuela Nigeria Algeria Iraq Angola Colombia Kuwait Libya United Kingdom Ecuador Brazil Equatorial Guinea Other Energy Information Administration,

5 Who has large proved oil reserves? Oil and Gas J., reserves (Bbbl) Reserve Resource Reserve is energy that you can recover economically with existing technology.

6 Who has large proved oil reserves? Oil and Gas J., Saudi Arabia Canada Iraq Iran Kuwait United Arab Emirates Russia Venezuela Libya Nigeria United States reserves (Bbbl)

7 Today s Presentation What has Canada got? What is heavy oil? What is heavy oil? Why do you care about heavy oil? Heavy-oil recovery methods are energy intensive Alberta Canada Oil Sands Kern River, CA CO 2 foot print for heavy oil production energy needed to produce heavy oil implications for CO 2 production Summary

8 What has Canada Got? Heavy-Oil Resource USA-Alaska 80 Bbbl Canada 2732 Bbbl USA-Continental 137 Bbbl Venezuela Bbbl Middle East 1400 Bbbl conventional oil Say that world consumption is 25 Bbbl/yr, R/P = 240 years

9 What is heavy oil? heavy oil: about as dense as water ( kg/m 3 ) tar or bitumen: more dense than water (> 1000 kg/m 3 ) rules of thumb -water 1 cp -100,000 cp for 10 API at 30 C -100 cp for 20 API at 30 C well productivity J ~ 1 µ oil

10 Why do you care about heavy oil? World oil production, Hubbert-Style peak oil World oil consumption conservative prediction best prediction actual data million bbl/d QuickTime and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture year Shell Global Scenarios to 2025,

11 Why do you care about heavy oil? Sustained Growth Scenario (Shell) World Population

12 Heavy Oil Fills the Gap How do we recover heavy oil? Primary (heavy-oil solution gas drive) Secondary (water injection) Tertiary -steam injection -in-situ combustion -vapor extraction -electrical heating Strip mining more desirable?

14 Aurora Mine Oil Sands Development QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.

open-pit mine http://www.syncrude.com Syncrude: Base mine 3.1 miles by 4.3 miles by 197 ft.

15 open-pit mine Syncrude: Base mine 3.1 miles by 4.3 miles by 197 ft. deep North mine 9 miles by 1.2 miles by 262 ft. deep Aurora mine 3 miles by 1 mile by 229 ft. deep

16 open-pit mine 2 tonnes oil sand (basis)

17 open-pit mine tonne capacity 2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher

18 open-pit mine 2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher reject some solids, slurry and pipeline

open-pit mine 2 tonnes oil sand (basis) http://www.syncrude.

19 open-pit mine 2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher reject some solids, slurry and pipeline extraction Extraction: hot water NaOH vigorous mixing get about 75% of OBIP sand water bitumen

20 open-pit mine 2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher reject some solids, slurry and pipeline extraction separation bitumen sand

21 open-pit mine 2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher reject some solids, slurry and pipeline extraction separation pipeline to upgrader Upgrading and hydrotreating: cracking (add H 2 using CH 4 ) coking (carbon rejection) S and N 2 removal

open-pit mine 2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher reject some solids, slurry and pipeline extraction separation pipeline to upgrader 1 barrel of syncrude (1 bbl = 42 gal=0.

22 open-pit mine 2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher reject some solids, slurry and pipeline extraction separation pipeline to upgrader 1 barrel of syncrude (1 bbl = 42 gal=0.16m 3 ) Light sweet crude >1 MMbbl/day output total Canada (Syncrude, Suncor, PetroCanada) 39% of Canadian oil production (2005) 1/8 gasoline in Canada, Syncrude Syncrude cumulative > 1 Bbbl

23 Operating Costs and Oil Production Syncrude only QuickTime and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Canada Oil Sands Trust,

24 Oil and CO 2 Production crude oil 0.4 tonne CO 2 /bbl 940 lbs CO 2 /bbl Production 2 tonnes sand = 1 barrel 220 lbs CO 2 / bbl 4.4 BTU of oil / BTU CH 4 CO 2 Emissions

25 Where will the natural gas come from? Image source unknown

26 CO 2 Implications By 2015, annual CO 2 emissions from upgrading operations are estimated to be 94 Mt By 2050, perhaps 2000 Mt per year Canada s Kyoto emissions goal is about 500 Mt per year Alternative to natural gas for processing is nuclear power (hydrogen and steam), Alberta Energy Corporation 5 Mar 07 press release, CANDU reactor for N. Alberta

27 Kern River (Kern Co., CA) Lost Hills N. B. I-5 99 Cymric South Belridge Elk Hills Bakersfield 58 Kern River Buena Vista Stanford MWSS 0 miles 16 Bakersfield

28 Kern River Discovered 1899 by a farmer digging a water well. Hit oil at 40 ft (or 70 ft) below ground (bgs) Original oil = 3.8 Bbbl Producing interval: ft Geology: Alternating sand and shale sequences at least 7 major units Dispersed silt in the sand zones Thickness: ft net Dip: 4 to the southwest

29 Why heat a heavy oil reservoir? Oil viscosity versus temperature productivity ~ Viscosity(cP) µ oil temperature ( F)

Steam Injection acknowledgement: U.S. DOE, SCNGO, http://www.

30 Steam Injection acknowledgement: U.S. DOE, SCNGO,

32 Oil-Steam Ratio (OSR) 1 OSR = (V oil )/(V steam ) V steam is at 60 F field OSR El Dorado Coalinga Yorba Linda Tatums Slocum Smackover Kern River Schoonebeek Inglewood Tia Juana calculated OSR

33 CO 2 Footprint for Steam Injection practical range of OSR: p steam = 250 psi, quality = 0.7 boiler efficiency = 90% 3.48 to 8.70 BTU oil / BTU steam CO 2 production: 84 to 210 lbs CO 2 / bbl oil steam is supplied by burning natural gas crude oil 0.4 tonne CO 2 /bbl 940 lbs CO 2 /bbl

34 Natural Gas Whose CO 2 is this really? it s a combined heat, power, and irrigation operation

35 Statewide: MWe installed oilfield cogen capacity gas-fired net electricity into grid is sufficient for 1.5 million homes out of 11.5 million total 2004, 2005 Annual Report CalDOGGR

36 Kern River Oil Field QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.

37 Heavy-oil production of the future? US Patent

38 Summary the world needs energy, and a portfolio of options conservation -nuclear renewables -fossil fuels there are plenty of heavy hydrocarbons to meet world oil demand, but extraction is difficult, more expensive than conventional sources, and may leave a greater environmental footprint process integration (polygeneration) and in-situ processes reduce footprint: 110 lbs/bbl (Kern River) versus 220 lbs/bbl (Syncrude) Not well to gas pump, just crude production

39 CO 2 Management: Kaya Identity A form of Paul Ehrlich s IPAT Identity A result of dimensional analysis CO 2 Emissions = (Population) (GDP/person) (Energy/GDP) (CO 2 /energy) per nation, city, etc. standard of living energy intensity carbon intensity Kaya Identity : Kaya, Y, Energy Conversion and Management, 36, ,

40 What are our options? CO 2 Emissions = (Population) (GDP/person) (Energy/GDP) (CO 2 /energy) Control population Reduce standard of living (GDP/person) Energy intensity (i.e., efficiency) Carbon Intensity =>There are no first order solutions

41 Carbon Sequestration CO 2 Emissions = (Population) (GDP/person) (Energy/GDP) (CO 2 /energy) (CO 2 emitted/co 2 ) Some questions: Is it a green energy technology? Is it sustainable? Is it a technology in competition with renewables?

42 Summary Resource/World Production = 240 years Heavy-oil recovery technologies do exist Oil Production CO 2 generation not well to gas pump numbers Kern River 110 lbs per barrel, but this is CHP (whose CO 2 is it?) Syncrude: 220 lbs per barrel Geological sequestration is a CO 2 mitigation option

Black Gold: America and Oil 9/23/08 NOTES 9/18/08 POSTED & ASSIGNMENT #4 INTER/EXTRAPOLATION & EXP. GROWTH?

Black Gold: America and Oil 9/23/08 NOTES 9/18/08 POSTED & ASSIGNMENT #4 INTER/EXTRAPOLATION & EXP. GROWTH? Questions Is America / world running out of oil? Can the US be energy-independent? U.S. Energy