4/20/11. From the Everglades to the Florida Keys Ecology in Impacted Ecosystems. Learning Objectives. Some of the Impacts. Outline.
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1 4/2/11 Aquatic Systems & Environmental Health Learning Objectives From the Everglades to the Florida Keys Ecology in Impacted Ecosystems 1. Become familiar with some of the factors affecting aquatic ecosystem health, specifically in the Everglades and Florida Keys 2. Learn the major marine habitats in the Florida Keys Dr. Donald C. Behringer School of Forest Resources and Conservation & Emerging Pathogens Institute University of Florida 3. Learn some of the major taxa and their ecological roles 4. Learn how some of these organisms are impacted and the research aimed at understanding the ecological effects Some of the Impacts Overview: Everglades to Florida Keys Disease Species introductions Habitat restoration Aquaculture Mitigation Fishing Bycatch Pollution Offshore drilling Water resources and quality Climate change Ecosystem Change Consequences of Everglades restoration Effects of Recurring Cyanobacterial Blooms on Hard-bottom Communities Hard-bottom community restoration in progress Everglades Geography Big Cypress Swamp Courtesy of SFWMD Kissimmee River Watershed Lake Okeechobee Everglades Mangrove Swamp Dry Tortugas Freshwater Everglades Courtesy of SFWMD Florida Keys Florida Bay 1
2 4/2/11 The Everglades River of Grass = Saw grass (Cladium jamacensis) Transition from the Everglades to is an example of an ecotone. - here freshwater vegetation (e.g., sawgrass) gradually gives way to salt-tolerant plants such as mangroves Extensive shrimp and stone crab fisheries Highly productive nursery habitat for spiny lobsters, crabs, and fish (e.g., snapper and grouper). ortheastern Bay more estuarine; western Bay more marine - communities reflect salinity characteristics - dramatic salinity variation within basins Everglades ational Park The Habitat Mosaic Hard-bottom Seagrass meadows Mangrove islands Banks Western Open sand/mud areas Basins Florida Keys Dry Tortugas T Fossil coral reef (the Keys) Overview: Everglades to Florida Keys Ecosystem Change Consequences of Living reef Everglades restoration Effects of Recurring Cyanobacterial Blooms on Hard-bottom Communities Looe Key Reef Hard-bottom community restoration in progress Spur and Groove formation 2
3 4/2/11 An Imperiled Ecosystem Everglades ational Park Miami 5 km Historical Hydrology.25 Lake Okeechobee Annual Freshwater Flow (Millions m 3 / yr) Southwest South Coast Coast East Coast Key West 5 km Everglades ational Park Miami Present Hydrology 5 Annual Freshwater Flow (Millions m 3 / yr) Southwest South Coast Coast East Coast Key West Some of the Environmental Issues: Everglades Restoration Plan Cause? Harmful algal blooms Seagrass die-offs Sponge die-offs Disease Water Quality Restoration (CERP) Cause? Kissimmee River Restore water flow to former flood plain & a more meandering river system Reestablish historic timing & distribution of freshwater to restore natural estuarine system Redirect Water Reduce freshwater flows into coastal rivers & canals to restore freshwater to public land Stormwater Treatment Areas Filtration marshes to reduce utrient load of water Entering public land Modify Water Delivery Increase water delivered and improve timing & distribution of water to better mimic historic conditions 3
4 4/2/11 Overview: Everglades to Florida Keys Ecosystem Change Consequences of Everglades restoration Effects of Recurring Cyanobacterial Blooms on Hard-bottom Communities Hard-bottom community restoration in progress Objectives Will changes in salinity resulting from Everglades restoration alter hard-bottom communities in Florida Bay? Focus on ecologically prominent animals: Structure-forming: sponges and octocorals Abundant & economically important: spiny lobster Sponge - Octocoral Experiment Design Sponge Survival fnc Salinity Laboratory Experiments Treatments: Season: winter & summer Response: survival & healing 1) Sponges - 5 species Summer Finger Sponge Golf Ball Sponge Loggerhead Sponge Sheepswool Sponge Vase Sponge n = 4 sponges / treatment Winter 2) Octocorals - 2 species o Survival o Survival o Survival after 1 week after 1 week after 1 week 15 ppt 25 ppt 3 ppt 35 ppt Salinity o Survival after 4 weeks 15 ppt 25 ppt 3 ppt 35 ppt Salinity Octocoral Survival fnc Salinity Laboratory Experiments Summer Angular Sea Whip Purple Sea Plume n = 6-16 per treatment one Salinity (psu) n = 8 per treatment one one Winter one A Salinity (psu) Lobster Salinity Tolerance Experiments (1) Survival Growth Experiment Treatments: Season: winter & summer Size class: < 1 mm, mm, & mm CL Response: survival & growth (2) Movement Experiment Treatment: Covariates: size & temperature Response: # movement events 4
5 4/2/11 Lobster Survival fnc Salinity Small (< 1 mm CL) Medium (25-35 mm CL) Large (45-65 mm CL) Summer = Winter Salinity (psu) Lobster Salinity Tolerance Experiments (1) Survival Growth Experiment Treatments: Season: winter & summer Size class: < 1 mm, mm, & mm CL Response: survival & growth (2) Movement Experiment Treatment: Covariates: size & temperature Response: # movement events Lobster Movement in Response to Salinity Change Experimental Raceway Design Top View 2 m Event Recorder den Water Reservoir Example Data Set Raceway Trials 2 m Event Recorder den Water Reservoir # Events / Hr # Events / Hr ppt 35ppt Control 35 ppt 15ppt Treatment Experiment Duration (Hrs) 35 ppt 15 ppt Lobster Movement fnc Salinity Summary Mean o. Movement Events / 12 hrs Treatment Means; lines smoothed n = 9 per treatment 35 psu ("control") 15 psu 25 psu 45 psu Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Two dominant octocorals are intolerant of salinity change, especially during winter. Five sponge species tested are intolerant of salinity change during summer: some species tolerate moderate changes at winter temperatures. Small juvenile lobsters are intolerant of salinity change; survival of larger juveniles is only affected at very low salinities. Large juvenile lobsters increase their movement in response to changing salinity, but those dynamics change with salinity and over time. 5
6 4/2/11 The Offending Party Overview: Everglades to Florida Keys Ecosystem Change Consequences of Everglades restoration Effects of Recurring Cyanobacterial Blooms on Hard-bottom Communities Hard-bottom community restoration in progress Dominated by a non-toxic, cyanobacterium: Synechococcus spp. Sparked by nutrient pulse (various sources & ratios) Photo credit: Cindy Heil Bloom persistence related to efficient recycling Photo credits: Florida Sportsman Hard-bottom Monitoring: Sites 132 sites in 22; 32-4 sites in Methods surveyed annually in June/July 4 permanent 2 x 25m transects/site 16 permanent 1m2 quadrats/site Measurements Abundance of 55 taxa (24 spp. sponge) Size structure selected sponges and octocorals 22 Only Florida 1 km 6
7 4/2/11 Pre-bloom & Post-bloom Surveys sites chosen from the central region of our hard-bottom monitoring program survey sites Hard-bottom surveys: July 27 and Oct Bloom Impacts on Sponges Severe Impacts - 22 of 24 sponge species killed Florida Survey locations 1 km Survey locations 1 km 7
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