Water Supply and Sanitation Infrastructure
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1 Water Supply and Sanitation Infrastructure
2 WHO-UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program, 2010
3 WHO-UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program, 2010
4 General Sanitation Overview... JMP s definition of basic sanitation Add WATER USAID adopted UN Millennium Project Task Force on Water and Sanitation s definition on sanitation: Sustainable access to safe, hygienic, and convenient facilities and services for excreta and sullage disposal that provide privacy and dignity, while at the same time ensuring a clean and healthful living environment both at home and in the neighborhood of users Water Supply
5 Drinking water: Treatment concepts Treat to address: Solids taste, odor, color, and pathogens Disinfection pathogens Dissolved constituents minerals and chemicals IMAGE/FIGURE
6 Sources and Water Demand Supply Groundwater Surface water Domestic Multiple use systems
7 Water Supply Household Water Treatment Options Chlorination Ceramic filtration Biosand filtration Solar/SODIS Boiling Combined flocculentdisinfectant
8 Water Supply Reservoirs Multiple use systems Sources of pollution Household treatment
9 Hand Pumps Water Supply Lift Robust Available Easy to operate and maintain
10 Foot Pumps
11 Water Supply Motorized Pumps Lift Flow rate Power source Robust Availability Easy to operate and maintain
12 Chlorination UV Modular membrane systems Drinking water: Medium-sized treatment options
13 Drinking water: Large scale treatment options Source: American Chemistry Council
14 Drinking water: State-of-the-art treatment Reverse osmosis (RO) desalination Direct-potable water reuse Source: Israel Ministry of National Infrastructures Source: water-technology.net
15 Sanitation
16 Marine Dead Zones
17 Sanitation Capture and Storage Transport or wastewater conveyance Treatment Reuse
18 Open Defecation: 16% Sanitation of global population
19 No Toilet, No Bride The "No Toilet, No Bride communications campaign started about two years ago and has resulted in 1.4 million latrines being built. Quotes from young men: "I will have to work hard to afford a toilet. We won't get any bride if we don't have one now, "I won't be offended when the woman I like asks for a toilet."
20 Simple pit latrine Sanitation
21 Pit Latrine
22 Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine in primary school Ventilated Improved Pit Latrine
23 Handwashing options
24 Ecological Sanitation Urine-diverting toilet Composting toilet
25 Sanitation Flush toilet connected to septic tank
26 Sanitation Community sanitation facilities with septic system
27 Vacutug
28 Wastewater treatment plant: Conventional Activated Sludge
29 Wastewater treatment plant: Constructed wetlands and ponds Constructed wetland Source: Italy Parks Waste stabilization ponds (aerated or non-aerated) Source: BEFCO
30 Wastewater treatment plant: Fixed film & energy capture processes Small-scale biodigester in the Philippines Source: Designed and built by Gerry Baron Trickling filter in Beddgelert, UK Source: Wikimedia Medium-scale biodigester in California Source: University of California-Davis and The Propane Education & Research Council
31 Liquids Discharge to water body, land application Direct/Indirect potable reuse Industrial reuse Fish ponds Fertilizer and fertigation Treated wastewater and biosolids: Disposal and reuse Solids Landfill Soil amendment and fertilizer Artificial wetland and other structures Waste-to-energy Petra National Trust (Jordan) University of Arizona
32 Sustainability Social/Technical Financial Institutional Broken hand pump Malawi Overflowing porta-potty Haiti Broken water distribution Suriname Photo credits: Allegra da Silva m/2009/12/21/tabiki-2/
33 Sustainability Activity Activity timeline: Assign teams 15 min: case study videos Play pumps Sanitation entrepreneurs 15 min: discuss sustainability issues in small teams 15 min: read-out from teams (2 min each) and plenary discussion Wrap-up Sustainability Teams: 1. Social/Technical 2. Financial 3. Institutional A. What was good/bad regarding your sustainability category? give 3 B. What could be done to improve sustainability in these 3 areas?
34 Summary and Conclusions Not just hardware Large range of technology options and changing Environment and human health
35 Thank you! Marc Andreini Jay Graham Allegra da Silva
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