Study Guide CPES Chapter 12

Transcription

1 Study Guide CPES Chapter 12 Energy Reading: pages , List the five major sources of commercial energy used in the United States from highest to lowest percentage of consumption. pg What do the three major energy sources for both the United States and the world have in common? pg Name the three major use sectors of the U.S. economy and the percent annual energy used by each. pg Define energy content. pg Did energy content have anything to do with America s first energy transition? If so, why? Was it the only reason? Explain. pg What can you conclude from Figure 8.9? pg Why is oil more usable than the other forms of commercial energy? pg Identify the four common oil and gas traps. Explain why each is a trap. Define porosity, permeability, and impermeable. pg Identify five useful products obtained from crude oil: pg 313

2 10. Why is natural gas a preferred fuel? pg Name the four main types of coal and be able to describe each: pg Why is there a renewed interest in coal? pg Which type of coal burns cleanest? pg Name four ways of mining coal. Briefly describe each. pg Complete the following equations of combustion: natural gas O 2 oil O 2 coal (C) O What exists around a coil of wire when electric current flows through the coil? pg What is a resource depletion curve and what does it represent? pg Sketch a resource depletion curve. Use your sketch to explain a production cycle. pg 344

3 a. In the beginning, production is low because b. Production grows rapidly because c. Production peaks because d. Production then falls rapidly because 19. Why is a resource considered exhausted when 90% of it is used up? pg Why are we still driving our vehicles and powering them with gasoline when U.S. domestic supplies appear to be so low? 21. Running out of a resource is not the only reason a depletion curve may plunge. Give two other reasons a depletion curve may peak and then fall. pg When did U.S. crude oil production peak? pg According to M. King Hubbert, when did, or will, world crude oil production peak? pg What does the area under a resource depletion curve represent? pg Label the rectangle below. Use it to illustrate the meaning of resources and reserves. pg 346

4 26. Why do reserves of resources usually last much longer than most early estimates predict? pg Why are we still interested in coal as an energy option? 28. Why don t we use more coal right now 29. What variables determine the lifetime of a nonrenewable energy source? pg In 2001, proven reserves of crude oil in the United States were estimated to be 22 billion barrels. The United States produced 1.76 billion barrels (excluding Alaska) of crude oil that year. At this rate, how long (starting in 2001) should the proven reserves last? pg Which quote on page 346 do you like best? Why?

5 32. Given: Label the mass number, the atomic number, and the element symbol. pg How many neutrons are in a Pu nucleus? pg Define half-life. pg Name the three fissionable isotopes. Tell where each isotope comes from. pg What is fission? pg List the five main components of a nuclear reactor and briefly tell what each does. pg List three advantages and three disadvantages of nuclear (fission) power. pg Define fusion. pg Explain why fusion is of interest to us.

6 Completion Complete each statement. 41. The United States has already gone through major energy transitions and is presently going through a. pg The first transition was from to. 43. The second transition was from to. 44. Between 1875 and 1975, U.S. energy consumption increased approximately a year and had a doubling time of years. 45. Most petroleum exists in the earth in one of two forms: or. pg Most scientists believe that oil was formed from the remains of. pg The separation of crude oil into useful products is done using a process known as. pg On the average, coal from the is cleaner than coal from the because its coal contains less. pg In the electricity lab, to have current in the circuit, the circuit had to be, and there had to be between the magnet and the. pg 327

7 50. At a coal fired electric power plant, the turbine turns the. pg The turbine forces a to turn through a magnetic field. 52. The best bullet for causing nuclear fissions is the. pg A chain reaction may occur if a fission produces more than one per fission and if more than a is present. pg The minimum amount of fissionable material required for a bomb or a nuclear reactor to work is called the. pg Fill in the blanks in the nuclear fuel cycle. pg 384 mine enrichment 56. Humans have always been exposed to a certain level of. Our bodies seem to adjust to and counteract the harmful effects of these small doses. pg The two major strategies for containing nuclei to cause fusion are and fusion. pg 404

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