LIVING ENVIRONMENT Mid-term Review Part 1 Name: Period:

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1 LIVING ENVIRONMENT Mid-term Review Part 1 Name: Period: Part One: Diagrams 1. What concept is represented in the diagram below? ecological succession 2. A) Identify 2 producers from the diagram: Eucalyptus trees, Kangaroo grasses and sedges, gum trees B) Define producer: an organism that stores energy from the sun in chemical bonds in the nutrients. C) Identify 2 herbivores from the diagram: Koalas, Kangaroos and wallabies, silky mice, wombats D) Define herbivore: get nutrition (consume) from producers

2 3. What activity that occurs in the human body is represented in the diagram below? maintenance of homeostasis 4. Why would a ski resort install a wind turbine similar to those represented below to supply some of its energy needs? This turbine was most likely installed because wind power is renewable and does minimal damage to the atmosphere 5. The diagram below represents a cycling of materials. A) What is the substance represented by X? carbon dioxide B) What is the substance represented by Y? oxygen 6. A student used the low-power objective of a compound light microscope and observed a single-celled organism as shown in the diagram below. When he switched to high power, the organism was no longer visible. Why did this happen? Switching to high power made the area of the slide being viewed smaller and the organism was not in the center of the field of view.

3 7. What is the volume of water represented in the graduated cylinder shown to the left? 13 ml 8. What is the approximate length of the earthworm shown in the diagram below? in cm? 9 cm in mm? 90 mm because 1 cm = 10 mm 9. Information about which two lettered parts is needed in order to determine the total magnification of an object viewed with the microscope in the position shown? A and C 10. Which lettered part should be used to focus the image while using high power? E 11. What is the most common reason for staining a specimen being observed when using a compound light microscope? To reveal details that otherwise are not easily seen. 12. The diagram below represents interactions between organisms in a stable ecosystem. A) In which level do organisms obtain their energy directly from the Sun? A B) Organisms in level A are producers C) Organisms in level B are herbivores D) Organisms in level C obtain their nutrients directly from organisms in level B E) Organisms in level B, C and D are heterotrophs (consumers)

4 13. An enzyme and four different molecules are shown in the diagram below The enzyme would most likely affect reactions involving molecule C Because: The shape of the molecule matches the shape of the enzyme 14. The diagram below represents a portion of a DNA molecule. Label each structure indicated by an arrow. phosphate Molecular base Sugar molecule 15. The green aquatic plant represented in the diagram below was exposed to light for several hours. Which gas would most likely be found in the greatest amount in the bubbles? Oxygen What process is releasing this gas? Photosynthesis

5 Base your answers to questions 16 through 19 on the diagrams below of two cells, X and Y, and on your knowledge of biology. 16. Identify organelle A: cell membrane State one function of this organelle: regulates what enters and leave the cell 17. Identify organelle B: nucleus State one function of this organelle: controls all cell activities 18. Identify organelle C: mitochondria State one function of this organelle: site of cellular respiration 19. Identify one process that is carried out in cell Y that is not carried out in cell X. photosynthesis 20. Currently, Americans rely heavily on the burning of fossil fuels as sources of energy. As a result of increased demand for energy sources, there is a continuing effort to find alternatives to burning fossil fuels. A) State one disadvantage of burning fossil fuels for energy They pollute the atmosphere. They lead to acid rain. They lead to global warming. Fossil fuels are a limited resource. B) Identify one energy source that is an alternative to using fossil fuels. solar energy windmills water power nuclear fuels C) State one advantage of using this alternative energy source. does not pollute the environment (solar energy) is renewable (windmills) is renewable (water power) Fossil fuels are not burned. (nuclear) D) State one disadvantage of using this alternative energy source. Windmills are very noisy. Dams built for water power destroy habitats. Nuclear fuels produce dangerous wastes. Sufficient solar, wind, or water is not available worldwide

6 LIVING ENVIRONMENT Mid-term Review Part 2 Name: Period: Part Two: 21. A company that manufactures a popular multivitamin wanted to determine whether their multivitamin had any side effects. For its initial study, the company chose 2000 individuals to take one of their multivitamin tablets per day for one year. Scientists from the company surveyed the participants to determine whether they had experienced any side effects. What was the greatest problem with this procedure? No control group was used 22. A biologist formulates a hypothesis, performs experiments to test his hypothesis, makes careful observations, and keeps accurate records of his findings. Should the scientist ever adjust the data to support the hypothesis? No. That would be falsifying data. Should the scientist ever eliminate data that do not support the hypothesis? No. That would be falsifying data. Should the scientist ever evaluate the findings and, if necessary, alter the hypothesis based on his findings, and test the new hypothesis? Yes. If the scientist evaluates the data and finds the data does not support the hypothesis he should come up with a new hypothesis and then test the new hypothesis. 23. A student conducted an experiment to determine if listening to different types of music would affect pulse rate. She thought that pulse rate would change with different types of music. Each person participating in her experiment listened to seven different selections of music for 30 seconds each. The pulse rates were taken after each 30-second interval of music. Based on her experiment, the student concluded that a person s pulse rate changed when listening to different types of music. What was the independent variable in this experiment? Listening to different types of music What was the component missing from this experiment? A control group 24. Due to overfishing, the number of fish in the ocean could drastically decrease. This will cause: a decrease in the stability of the oceans 25. Global warming has been linked to a decrease in the: size of the polar ice caps 26. On hot, dry days, guard cells often close microscopic openings in plant leaves, conserving water. This is an example of: a feedback mechanism for maintaining homeostasis 27. Many scientists suggest that billions of years ago, life on Earth began with simple, single-celled organisms 28. The temporary storage of energy in ATP molecules is part of which process? cellular respiration 29. Define niche: an organism s role in a habitat What would happen if two different bird species temporarily occupied the same niche? they would most likely compete with one another 30. Which of the following substances can enter a cell by diffusion without having to be digested? fat, water, protein, starch 31. Name a term that refers to the ecological niche of many bacteria and fungi in an ecosystem. decomposer

7 32. During the process of photosynthesis, energy from the Sun is converted into chemical energy in the bonds of organic molecules 33. What organelle is the site of protein synthesis? ribosomes 34. Name an activity that would reduce biodiversity in a forest ecosystem. Clearing a large area and planting one species of hardwood tree that can be used for lumber 35. A pesticide that kills an insect by interfering with the production of proteins in the insect would most directly affect the activity of: ribosomes 36. Name the primary function of the cell structures listed below. A) Ribosome: site of protein synthesis B) Vacuole: storage of materials C) Nucleus: controls all cell activites D) Mitochondria: site of cellular respiration 37. In the human body, oxygen is absorbed by the lungs and nutrients are absorbed by the small intestine. In a single-celled organism, this absorption directly involves the cell membrane 38. Why is a mushroom considered a heterotroph? It obtains nutrients from its environment. 39. An increase in the amount of ultraviolet light entering the atmosphere through holes in the ozone layer will most likely cause an increase in the rate of certain mutations 40. Which process initially provides the link between an abiotic factor and the energy needs of an entire ecosystem? photosynthesis 41. Depletion of nonrenewable resources is often a result of human population growth 42. Place the following levels of biological organization in sequence from smallest to largest: organ system, organ, organism, cell, tissue, organelle organelle cell tissue organ organ system organism

8 Part 3 Definitions 1. ecological succession-- gradual change in living communities following a disturbance 2. concept an idea of what something is or how it works 3. represented --to serve as a specimen, example, or instance of 4. identify--indicate who or what someone or something is 5. maintain-- to exist or continue without changing 6. homeostasis--process by which organisms maintain a stable internal environment 7. cellular respiration--process that releases chemical energy (ATP) by breaking apart the chemical bonds of glucose, occurs in mitochondria 8. photosynthesis--process that converts sunlight into chemical bond energy of glucose 9. specimen--a small amount or piece of something that can be tested or examined 10. obtain--to gain or attain usually by planned action or effort 11. heterotroph (consumer)-- organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; consumer 12. aquatic--growing or living in water 13. Write the formula for photosynthesis---- LIGHT ENERGY CO 2 + H 2 O >C 6 H 12 O 6 + O Write the formula for cellular respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + O > H 2 O+ CO 2 + ATP 15. organelle--specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell 16. alternative--different from the usual 17. manufacture--something made from raw materials 18. To formulate a hypothesis is to--make a possible explanation or prediction for a set of observations or possible answer to a scientific question 19. eliminate--remove 20. participants--to take part in 21. An initial study is the--first study done 22. To alter is to--change 23. overfishing--taking out too many species from the environment, depletion of a species 24. feedback mechanism--the action or means used to bring the organism back to equilibrium 25. homeostasis maintaining a stable internal environment 26. ATP--energy molecule released during cellular respiration

9 27. diffusion-- process by which molecules move from a high to low concentration without the use of energy 27. decomposer--organism that obtains energy from dead organic matter or waste Give 2 examples of decomposers--bacteria and fungi 28. temporarily occupy-- remain in an area for a short time 29. ecological niche--role of an organism 30. decomposer-- repeat Give 2 examples 31. convert--change in form or function 32. most directly--most immediate 35. primary function-- first or intended purpose 36. initially--at first 37. biotic factor--living influences on organisms within an ecosystem 38. abiotic factor--nonliving influence on organisms in an ecosystem (light, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ph, etc.) 39. deplete--diminish in number or quantity 40. organ system--group of organ that work together to perform a specific function organ--group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function 42. tissue--group of cells that work together to perform a specific function 43. predation--interaction where a predator (an organism that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked) 44. carnivore--organism that consumes other animals 45. autotrophic-- organisms that perform photosynthesis (convert sunlight into organic compounds glucose) 46. autotrophic nutrition--type of nutrition that involves photosynthesis Give an example: green plants 47. Food chain--single pathway of energy flow that shows the transfer of energy from one organism to another organism 48. finite resource--limited number of resources 49. organic compound--compound containing both carbon and hydrogen (ex. glucose) Inorganic compound-- compound that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen (ex. Water) 50. biodiversity--variety of life in an ecosystem 51. Deforestation--destruction of forests 52. Industrialization--the large-scale introduction of manufacturing 53. Overharvesting--overuse or depletion of a resource 54. most toxic--poisonous 55. role --function 56. host--organism harmed by a parasite 57. parasite-- organism that lives in or on another organism and harms it, but rarely kills it 58. direct harvesting --the destruction of an organism, or the removal of an organism from its habitat 60. habitat--the place where an animal or plant lives