Introduction to Condensate Recovery

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1 Introduction to Condensate Recovery

2 Introduction to Condensate Recovery Steam is usually generated for one of two reasons: To produce electrical power, for example in power stations or co-generation plants. To supply heat for heating and process systems. When a kilogram of steam condenses completely, a kilogram of condensate is formed at the same pressure and temperature (Figure ). An efficient steam system will reuse this condensate. Failure to reclaim and reuse condensate makes no financial, technical or environmental sense. 1 kg steam Condensate 1 kg condensate Fig kg of steam condenses completely to 1 kg of condensate Saturated steam used for heating gives up its latent heat (enthalpy of evaporation), which is a large proportion of the total heat it contains. The remainder of the heat in the steam is retained in the condensate as sensible heat (enthalpy of water) (Figure ). Steam Total heat Latent heat used in heating the process Sensible heat Condensate Fig After giving up its latent heat to heat the process, steam turns to water containing only sensible heat As well as having heat content, the condensate is basically distilled water, which is ideal for use as boiler feedwater. An efficient steam system will collect this condensate and either return it to a deaerator, a boiler feedtank, or use it in another process. Only when there is a real risk of contamination should condensate not be returned to the boiler. Even then, it may be possible to collect the condensate and use it as hot process water or pass it through a heat exchanger where its heat content can be recovered before discharging the water mass to drain. Condensate is discharged from steam plant and equipment through steam traps from a higher to a lower pressure. As a result of this drop in pressure, some of the condensate will reevaporate into flash steam. The proportion of steam that will flash off in this way is determined by the amount of heat that can be held in the steam and condensate. A flash steam amount of 10% to 15% by mass is typical (see Module 2.2). However, the percentage volumetric change can be considerably more. Condensate at 7 bar g will lose about 13% of its mass when flashing to atmospheric pressure, but the steam produced will require a space some 200 times larger than the condensate from which it was formed. This can have the effect of choking undersized trap discharge lines, and must be taken into account when sizing these lines.

3 Example Calculating the amount of flash steam from condensate Hot condensate at 7 bar g has a heat content of about 721 kj/kg. When it is released to atmospheric pressure (0 bar g), each kilogram of water can only retain about 419 kj of heat. The excess energy in each kilogram of the condensate is therefore = 302 kj. This excess energy is available to evaporate some of the condensate into steam, the amount evaporated being determined by the proportion of excess heat to the amount of heat required to evaporate water at the lower pressure, which in this example, is the enthalpy of evaporation at atmospheric pressure, 2258 kj/kg. Therefore, in this example, the percentage of flash steam evaporated = Flash steam evaporated = x 100% 13.4% The subject of flash steam is examined in greater depth in Module 2.2, What is steam? A simple graph (Figure ) is used in this Module to calculate the proportion of flash steam. Example: Proportion of flash steam using Figure : Pressure on the trap = 4 bar g Flash steam pressure = 0 bar g % Flash steam = 10% The amount of flash steam in the pipe is the most important factor when sizing trap discharge lines. 15 Flash steam pressure bar g bar g 2.0 bar g 1.5 bar g 1.0 bar g 0.5 bar g 0 bar g Pressure on traps bar Atmospheric pressure % kg Flash steam / kg condensate Fig Quantity of Flash Steam Graph

4 Steam produced in a boiler by the process of adding heat to the water is often referred to as live steam. The terms live steam and flash steam are only used to differentiate their origin. Whether steam is produced in a boiler or from the natural process of flashing, it has exactly the same potential for giving up heat, and each is used successfully for this purpose. The flash steam generated from condensate can contain up to half of the total energy of the condensate. An efficient steam system will recover and use flash steam. Condensate and flash steam discharged to waste means more make-up water, more fuel, and increased running costs. This Module will look at two essential areas condensate management and flash steam recovery. Some of the apparent problem areas will be outlined and practical solutions proposed. Note: The term trap is used to denote a steam-trapping device, which could be a steam trap, a pump-trap, or a pump and trap combination. The ability of any trap to pass condensate relies upon the pressure difference across it, whereas a pumping trap or a pump-trap combination will be able to pass condensate irrespective of operational pressure differences (subject to design pressure ratings). Condensate return An effective condensate recovery system, collecting the hot condensate from the steam using equipment and returning it to the boiler feed system, can pay for itself in a remarkably short period of time. Figure shows a simple steam and condensate circuit, with condensate returning to the boiler feedtank. Steam Pan Pan Process vessels Space heating system Steam Make-up water Vat Vat Condensate Steam Condensate Feedtank Boiler Feedpump Fig A typical steam and condensate circuit Why return condensate and reuse it? Financial reasons Condensate is a valuable resource and even the recovery of small quantities is often economically justifiable. The discharge from a single steam trap is often worth recovering. Un-recovered condensate must be replaced in the boiler house by cold make-up water with additional costs of water treatment and fuel to heat the water from a lower temperature. Water charges Any condensate not returned needs to be replaced by make-up water, incurring further water charges from the local water supplier.

5 Effluent restrictions In the UK for example, water above 43 C cannot be returned to the public sewer by law, because it is detrimental to the environment and may damage earthenware pipes. Condensate above this temperature must be cooled before it is discharged, which may incur extra energy costs. Similar restrictions apply in most countries, and effluent charges and fines may be imposed by water suppliers for non-compliance. Maximising boiler output Colder boiler feedwater will reduce the steaming rate of the boiler. The lower the feedwater temperature, the more heat, and thus fuel needed to heat the water, thereby leaving less heat to raise steam. Boiler feedwater quality Condensate is distilled water, which contains almost no total dissolved solids (TDS). Boilers need to be blown down to reduce their concentration of dissolved solids in the boiler water. Returning more condensate to the feedtank reduces the need for blowdown and thus reduces the energy lost from the boiler. Summary of reasons for condensate recovery: Water charges are reduced. Effluent charges and possible cooling costs are reduced. Fuel costs are reduced. More steam can be produced from the boiler. Boiler blowdown is reduced - less energy is lost from the boiler. Chemical treatment of raw make-up water is reduced. Figure compares the amount of energy in a kilogram of steam and condensate at the same pressure. The percentage of energy in condensate to that in steam can vary from 18% at 1 bar g to 30% at 14 bar g; clearly the liquid condensate is worth reclaiming. Specific enthalpy (kj/kg) Total energy in steam Total energy in condensate Pressure bar g Fig Heat content of steam and condensate at the same pressures The following example (Example ) demonstrates the financial value of returning condensate. Example A boiler produces: kg/h of steam 24 hours/day, 7 days/week and 50 weeks/year (8400 hours/year). Raw make-up water is at 10 C. Currently all condensate is discharged to waste at 90 C. Raw water costs 0.61/m 3, and effluent costs are 0.45/m 3 The boiler is 85% efficient, and uses gas on an interruptible tariff charged at 0.01/ kwh ( 2.77 / GJ).

6 Determine the annual value of returning the condensate Part 1 - Determine the fuel cost Each kilogram of condensate not returned to the boiler feedtank must be replaced by 1 kg of cold make-up water (10 C) that must be heated to the condensate temperature of 90 C. ( T = 80 C). Calculate the heat required to increase the temperature of 1 kg of cold make-up water by 80 C, by using Equation Equation Q = m c p T Where: Q = Quantity of energy (kj) m = Mass of the substance (kg) c p = Specific heat capacity of the substance (kj/kg C ) T = Temperature rise of the substance ( C) m is unity; T is the difference between the cold water make-up and the temperature of returned condensate; c p is the specific heat of water at 4.19 kj/kg C. 1 kg x 4.19 kj/kg C x 80 C = 335 kj/kg Basing the calculations on an average evaporation rate of kg/h, for a plant in operation h /year, the energy required to replace the heat in the make-up water is: kg/h x 335 kj/kg x h/year = GJ/year If the average boiler efficiency is 85%, the energy supplied to heat the make-up water is: GJ/year 0.85 = GJ /year With a fuel cost of 2.77/GJ, the value of the energy in the condensate is: Annual fuel cost = GJ / year x 2.77/GJ = Part 2 - Determine the water cost Water is sold by volume, and the density of water at normal ambient temperature is about 1000 kg /m 3. The total amount of water required in one year replacing non-returned condensate is therefore: 8400 h x kg/h 1000 kg /m 3 = m/year If water costs are 0.61 per m³, the annual water cost is: Annual water cost = m 3 / year x 0.61/m 3 = Part 3 - Determine the effluent cost The condensate that was not recovered would have to be discharged to waste, and may also be charged by the water authority. Total amount of water to waste in one year also equals m³ If effluent costs are 0.45 per m³, the annual effluent cost is: Annual effluent cost = m 3 / year x 0.45/m 3 =

7 Part 4 - Total value of condensate The total annual value of kg/h of condensate lost to waste is shown in Table : Table The potential value of returning condensate in Example Fuel savings = Water savings = Effluent savings = Total value = On this basis, it follows that for each 1% of condensate returned per kg/h evaporated as in Example , a saving of 1% of each of the values shown in Table would be possible. Example If it were decided to invest in a project to return 80% of the condensate in a similar plant to Example , but where the total evaporation rate were only kg/h, the savings and simple payback term would be: Savings = Savings = Payback = Payback = x /year /year 0.69 year (36 weeks) x This sample calculation does not include a value for savings due to correct TDS control and reduced blowdown, which will further reduce water losses and boiler chemical costs. These can vary substantially from location to location, but should always be considered in the final analysis. Clearly, when assessing condensate management for a specific project, such savings must be determined and included. TDS control and water treatment have already been discussed in Block 3. The routines outlined in Examples and may be developed to form the basis of a forced path calculation to assign a monetary value to projects intended to improve condensate recovery. Equation can be used to calculate the fuel savings per year: Equation Fuel savings/year = X A B C D E 10 6 Where: X = Expected improvement in condensate return expressed as a percentage between 1 and 100 A = Cost of fuel to provide 1 GJ of energy If gas on an interruptible tariff costs 0.01/kWh (1 kwh = 3.6 MJ) 0.01 Cost of 1 GJ of energy = x 1000 = MJ Similarly, if oil has a calorific value of 42 MJ/l, and costs 0.15/l 0.15 Cost of 1 GJ of energy = x 1000 = MJ B = Energy required per kilogram of make-up water to reach condensate temperature (kj/kg) This is determined by Q in Equation (Q = m c p ΔT) C = Average boiler evaporation rate (kg/h) D = Operational hours per year (h/year) E = Boiler efficiency (%)

8 Savings in water costs can be determined using Equation : Equation Savings in water costs /year = x Cost of water/m 3 Savings in effluent costs can be determined using Equation : Equation Savings in effluent costs /year = x Cost of effluent/m 3 Where: X = Expected improvement in condensate return expressed as a percentage between 1 and 100 C = Average evaporation rate (kg/h) D = Operational hours per year (h/year) Example A major condensate management project costing expects to recover an additional 35% of the condensate produced at a plant. The average boiler steaming rate is kg/h, and the plant operates for 8000 h/year. The fuel used is gas on a firm tariff of 0.011/ kwh, and the boiler efficiency is estimated as 80%. Make-up water temperature is 10 C and insulated condensate return lines ensure that condensate will arrive back at the boiler house at 95 C. Consider the water costs to be 0.70/m3 and the total effluent costs to be 0.45/m 3. Determine the payback period for the project. Part 1 - Determine the fuel savings Use Equation : Equation Fuel savings/year = X A B C D E 10 6 Where: X = Expected improvement in condensate return = 35% A = Cost of fuel to provide 1 GJ of energy = MJ x = B = Energy required per kilogram of make-up water to reach condensate temperature (kj/kg). This is determined by Q in Equation (Q = m c p ΔT) Q = m x c p x ΔT Q = 1 x 4.19 x (95 C - 10 C) Q = kj/kg B = Q in Equation = kJ/kg C = Average evaporation rate = kg/h D = Steaming hours per year = h E = Boiler efficiency = 80% Substituting the values for X, A, B, C, D, and E into Equation x x x x 8000 Fuel savings/year = 80 x 10 6 Fuel savings/year =

9 Part 2 - Determine the water and effluent savings Use Equation to calculate the savings in water costs/year: Equation Savings in water costs/year = x Cost of water/m 3 Substituting values into Equation : Savings in water costs/year = Savings in water costs/year = x 0.70/m 3 Use Equation to calculate the savings in effluent costs / year: Equation Savings in effluent costs /year = x Cost of effluent/m 3 Substituting values into Equation : 35 x x Savings in effluent costs/year = Savings in effluent costs/year = x 0.45/m 3 Total water and effluent savings/year = Total water and effluent savings/year = Part 3 - Determine the payback period Total savings = Fuel savings + Water and effluent savings Total savings = Total savings = 422/year Simple payback (years) = Cost of project Annual savings Simple payback (years) = Simple payback (years) = 0.66 year (35 weeks)

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