Torrefaction Fundamentals, processes and potential
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1 Torrefaction Fundamentals, processes and potential 12. Holzenergie- Symposium Jaap Kiel ETH Zürich, Switzerland September 14 th,
2 Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN) Dedicated to Sustainable Energy InnovaFon With and for the market, ECN develops knowledge and technology that enable a transifon to a sustainable energy system Core acfvifes in biomass Sustainable energy technology development R&D services to industry Feasibility studies, system & technology assessments Pe*en Wieringerwerf Amsterdam Eindhoven Brussels Beijing Biomass Solar Wind Energy efficiency Policy studies
3 Biomass a difficult energy source In view of: LogisFcs (handling, transport and feeding) End- use (combusfon, gasificafon, chemical processing) Difficult properfes are: Low energy density (LHV ar = MJ/kg) Hydrophilic Vulnerable to biodegradafon Tenacious and fibrous (grinding difficult) Poor flowability Heterogeneous
4 Torrefaction for upgrading biomass Dry biomass 0.3 Gas 0.1 Torrefied biomass 1 Torrefaction C 0.9 Energy densification (MJ/kg) = 1.3 Process parameters Temperature: C mass energy Absence of oxygen
5 Torrefaction for upgrading biomass Process parameters Temperature: C Absence of oxygen Torrefaction Pelletisation Tenacious and fibrous LHV = 9-12 MJ/kg Hydrophilic Biodegradable Heterogeneous Friable and less fibrous LHV = MJ/kg Hydrophobic Preserved Homogeneous Bulk density = kg/m 3 Bulk energy density = GJ/m 3
6 Torrefied biomass properties in perspective Wood chips Wood pellets Torrefied wood pellets Charcoal Coal Moisture content (wt%) Calorific value (LHV, MJ/kg) VolaKle ma*er (wt% db) Fixed carbon (wt% db) Bulk density (kg/l) Vol. energy density (GJ/m 3 ) Hygroscopic properkes Hydrophilic Hydrophilic (Moderately) Hydrophobic Hydrophobic Hydrophobic Biological degradakon Fast Moderate Slow None None Milling requirements Special Special Standard Standard Standard Product consistency Limited High High High High Transport cost High Medium Low Medium Low AbbreviaFons: db = dry basis LVH =Lower HeaFng Value sources: ECN (table, fig.1, 3), Pixelio (fig. 2, 5), ofi (fig. 4)
7 Markets Feedstock Woody biomass (residues): torrefacfon pellets expected to largely replace convenfonal wood pellets, especially for large- scale applicafons (Poyry- study forecasts 46 Mtonne/a global pellets producfon in 2020) + disclosure of addifonal forestry residues Agricultural residues (e.g., straw, bagasse, palm oil residues) Paper- plasfc fracfons and other wastes End- use applicafons Co- firing in pulverised- coal boilers (Co- )gasificafon in entrained- flow gasifiers (biofuels producfon, IGCC) Small- scale pellet boilers and stoves
8 The added value of torrefaction TorrefacFon (+ densificafon) enables energy- efficient (>90%) upgrading of biomass into commodity solid biofuels with favourable properfes in view of logisfcs and end- use Favourable properfes include high energy density, bemer water resistance, slower biodegradafon, good grindability, good flowability, homogenised material properfes Therefore, cost savings in handling and transport, advanced trading schemes (futures) possible, capex savings at end- user (e.g. outside storage, direct co- milling and co- feeding), higher co- firing percentages and enabling technology for gasificafon- based biofuels and biochemicals producfon Applicable to a wide range of lignocellulosic biomass feedstock, even mixed waste streams
9 Torrefaction technology Many technology developers (>50) due to strong market pull Ooen applicafon of reactor technology proven for other applicafons (drying, pyrolysis, combusfon) Good process control is essenfal for good performance and product quality control (temperature, residence Fme, mixing, condensables in torrefacfon gas) High energy efficiency is crucial in view of overall cost and sustainability; overall energy efficiency is strongly dependent on heat integrafon design In general: torrefacfon technology in demonstrafon phase with >10 demo- units and first commercial units in operafon and under construcfon
10 Torrefaction technology many reactor concepts considered Multiple hearth furnace Torbed reactor Rotary drum reactor Oscillating belt reactor Moving bed reactor TurboDryer Screw conveyor reactor Microwave reactor
11 Torrefaction technology process design Low grade heat Fossil fuel Biomass or Product CombusFon Gas cleaning Biomass Pre- drying TorrefacFon Cooling DensificaFon Product Heat recovery Gas cleaning Heat integration: Pre-drying, torrefaction and cooling Use of low-grade heat from other industrial processes Torrefaction: indirect heating or direct heating by recycling flue gas or torrefaction gas Flue gas / Moisture
12 Densification Focus on pellefsafon, but briquerng considered as well Good quality pellets can be produced without addifonal binder But: PelleFsaFon performance strongly dependent on biomass feedstock Case- by- case tuning of the pellefsafon condifons (e.g., die type) required Good control of torrefacfon condifons is essenfal Without binder, window for tuning product quality to logisfcs and end- use requirements may be small Special amenfon to safety issues (e.g., self heafng, dust explosions)
13 ECN and torrefaction 20 years experience in biomass co- firing R&D, idenffied the potenfal of torrefacfon and played a pioneering role in adapfng torrefacfon to bioenergy applicafons since 2002 ECN s torrefacfon technology proven on pilot- scale and together with industrial partners now taken to demonstrafon and commercial market introducfon Contract R&D for industry to assess the torrefacfon potenfal of specific feedstocks, produce test batches and opfmise product quality
14 ECN s torrefaction technology Features: Conventional drying and pelletisation Compact dedicated moving-bed technology with direct heating Heat integration High energy efficiency (> 90%) Cost effective Biomass <15-20% moisture (but successful tests performed with 35% as well) Air Utillity fuel Torrefaction gas Gas recycle Combustion Drying Torrefaction Cooling Flue gas Pelletisation Torrefied biomass pellets Intellectual Property: IP is patent protected Co-current drying gas loop Flue gas Counter-current torrefaction gas loop Heat exchange P Flue gas
15 ECN 50 kg/h torrefaction pilot plant (Since February 2008)
16 ECN and Andritz ECN and Andritz signed a cooperafon agreement on the development of torrefacfon technology in mid The combinafon of ECN and Andritz technology is being tested in a 1 bdmt/h Demo Plant in Denmark TorrefacFon pressurized for more effecfve heat transfer; torrefacfon reactor contains separate zones for final drying and torrefacfon; torrefacfon reactor design lends itself to scale up to large single unit capacifes Status: hot commissioning is underway 16
17 Torrefaction demo plant Overall view 17
18 Economics TorrefacFon plant: compared to convenfonal wood pellets plant, slightly more feedstock per GJ required (typically 2-5%), higher CAPEX (typically 25-30%), partly compensated by lower OPEX (overall producfon cost 5-10% higher) CAPEX and overall energy efficiency are major cost factors Supply chain studies indicate: torrefied pellets can be delivered at the gate of a large- scale end user at similar or lower cost per GJ than convenfonal wood pellets Economic benefits at the end user can be substanfal, e.g., no need for dedicated storage and separate milling and feeding lines
19 Summary TorrefacFon potenfally allows cost- effecfve producfon of commodity solid biofuels from a wide range of biomass/waste feedstock with a high energy efficiency (>90%) allowing a decoupling of biomass producfon and use TorrefacFon should be considered as a separate thermal regime and requires dedicated reactor/process design TorrefacFon development is in the pilot/demo- phase, with >10 demo inifafves underway in Europe; strong market pull for torrefacfon plants and torrefacfon pellets Main characterisfcs of torrefacfon are known, but performance tesfng sfll is in an early phase, which holds even more for iterafve opfmisafon of producfon recipes for torrefied biomass pellets ( project.eu) Compared to convenfonal wood pellets, higher producfon costs expected to be compensated by cost benefits in logisfcs and end- use; torrefacfon pellets are expected to largely replace wood pellets, especially for large- scale applicafons
20 Thank you for your attention! Production at ECN of tonne-scale test batches for industrial trials For more informafon, please contact: Jaap Kiel Programme Development Manager Biomass T P.O. Box 1, 1755 ZG PETTEN F The Netherlands kiel@ecn.nl 20
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