Current Issues in Water and Sediment Quality Analysis
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1 Current Issues in Water and Sediment Quality Analysis Stephanie Fong Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board Sacramento River Watershed Unit 1
2 Outline Study Development Toxicity Testing Overview Freshwater Water Column Testing S. capricornutum, C. dubia, and P. promelas Monitoring Freshwater Sediment Testing H. azteca Monitoring Pyrethroid Pesticides References 2
3 Study Development Preliminary data review- data/literature search Stakeholder contact/discussion/coordination Inter/intra agency/program contact/coordination Review coordination potential Review regional priorities 3
4 Toxicity Strategy Toxicity Test Screen for toxicity TIE ID toxicant Additional Monitoring Implementation Plan Determine duration, frequency, magnitude, and source ID Eliminate toxicity 4
5 Toxicity Testing Overview What is a Toxicity Test? Sample collection (water or sediment) Organism exposure Biological response recorded Endpoints evaluated Sample determined toxic/non-toxic 5
6 Toxicity Testing Strengths Aggregates toxicity Unknown toxicants addressed Bioavailability measured Limitations Incomplete toxicity Toxicity Identification Evaluations (TIEs) required for toxicant identification 6
7 EPA Freshwater 3-species 3 Testing 77
8 Selenastrum capricornutum Sensitive to herbicides (eg( eg, glyphosate and 2,4-D) and metals (eg( eg,, Zn and Cu) 8
9 Ceriodaphnia dubia Lives about a month and can produce 15 broods (A)sexual reproduction around 3 days Sensitive to insecticides (eg, diazinon and permethrin ), some metals (eg, Cu and Zn) and surfactants (eg, R-11 and nonyphelnol 9
10 Pimephales promelas Tested at larval stage Sensitive to ammonia and surfactants 10
11 Water Column Monitoring Regional Board ( ) Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers Sacramento River Watershed Program (SRWP) (1998-present) American River at Discovery Park Monitoring Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) (2006) Upper American River Monitoring 11
12 Regional Water Board Monitoring American River at Watt Ave and Discovery Park Selenastrum impairment (40%) Ceriodaphnia impairment (56%) Fathead minnow impairment (17%) Lower American River on CWA 303(d) list 12
13 SRWP Monitoring American River at Discovery Park Consistently meets water quality goals and objectives for drinking water 7% of samples had elevated levels of coliform bacteria Fish tissue data generally supports the need for consumption advisories Toxicity of Unknown Cause 13
14 SWAMP Monitoring May, September, and November 2006 American River and its tributaries Watershed-based assessment with targeted sampling 96-hr Ceriodaphnia and fathead minnow testing 14
15 SWAMP Sampling Sites Bunch Creek Willow Creek Alder Creek Webber Creek White Rock Creek North Fork American River Middle Fork American River South Fork American River Hangtown Creek Report soon available at 15
16 Available Sediment Quality Data 16
17 Hyalella azteca Freshwater amphipod Epibenthic detritivore burrows in upper 2 cm sediments Sensitive to chemical contaminants (including pyrethroid pesticides) 17
18 Sediment Toxicity Identification Evaluations Temperature reduction Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) addition Esterase enzyme addition Cl Cl H 3 C CH 3 O O O H 3 C CH 3 HO + O Cl OH Cl O 18
19 Other Sediment TIE Manipulations Metal-chelating resin treatment Zeolite addition Charcoal addition Ambersorb addition 19
20 Chemical Analysis of Pyrethroids Concentrations don t match toxicity test Pyrethroids often applied with PBO Method development/verification 20
21 Sediment Quality Assessments and Pyrethroids Sediment toxicity testing identified pyrethroid pesticide issue in CA waterways agricultural waterways 2002 urban waterways 2004 Growing use of pyrethrin and pyrethroid insecticides due to phasing out of organophosphorus pesticides (e.g., diazinon) 21
22 Pyrethrins Pyrethrins vs. Pyrethroids Natural derivative of chrysanthemums Pyrethroids Synthetic version of pyrethrins more toxic and persistent examples: bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, lambdacyhalothrin, permethrin 22
23 Pyrethroid Pesticides: Physical and Chemical Properties Uses: agriculture, mosquito control, landscape maintenance, professional pest control, homeowners (gardening, pets, sprays) Strongly hydrophobic and have a strong tendency to adsorb to particulate matter (high Koc) or bed sediments Half life in soils ranges from days for various pyrethroids 23
24 Concentrations of Pyrethroid Pesticides in Urban Watershed Sediments and Toxicological Significance Pyrethroid sediment concentrations in CA urban areas: Sacramento area creeks: not detected 437 ng/g Eastern SF Bay creeks: not detected 57 ng/g Pyrethroid toxicological thresholds: Hyalella LC 50 s: ng/g (permethrin = 108 ng/g) Typically used with synergist (PBO) to increase toxicity Multiple pyrethroids typically occur in sediment samples where toxicity is observed 24
25 References Amweg EL, Weston DP, Ureda NM Use and toxicity of pyrethroid pesticides in the Central Valley, CA, USA. Environ Toxicol Chem 24: (with correction in Environ Toxicol Chem 2005, 24 : ). Amweg EL, Weston DP, You J, Lydy MJ Pyrethroid insecticides and sediment toxicity in urban creeks from California and Tennessee. Environ Sci & Technol Published on web 1/31/2006. Oros, D.R., and I. Werner Pyrethroid Insecticides: An Analysis of Use Patterns, Distributions, Potential Toxicity, and Fate in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and Central Valley. White Paper for the Interagency Ecological Program. SFEI Contribution 415. San Francisco Estuary Institute, Oakland, CA. Weston DP, You J, Lydy MJ Distribution and toxicity of sediment-associated pesticides in agriculture-dominated water bodies of California's Central Valley. Environ Sci & Technol 38: Weston DP, Holmes RW, You J, Lydy MJ Aquatic toxicity due to residential use of pyrethroid insecticides. Environ Sci & Technol 39: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Methods for measuring the toxicity and bioaccumulation of sediment-associated contaminants with freshwater invertebrates. Office of Research and Development. EPA 600-R , Washington, DC, USA Water Boards SWAMP Program (QAMP, SOPs) 25
26 Tomorrow Afternoon in the Stormwater Section Robert Holmes: Challenges in Stormwater Management-Sediment Toxicity/Pyrethroid Pesticides-Ambient Monitoring Data 26
27 Questions? 27
28 Water Sample Collection Considerations Holding times (species availability, set up, weekends/holidays, shipping) Temperature (sample transport and storage) Sample volume (multiple species, method type, TIEs, breakage) Sample containers 28
29 S. capricornutum Method 4 days, static non-renewal 4 replicates, 50 or 100ml Filtered sample Inoculated with nutrients and 10 6 algal cells per ml Continuous illumination under ft-c Cell growth measured at test termination TAC: mean cell density of control > 1x10 6 cells/ml and CV<20% 29
30 C. dubia Method Acute 4 replicates, 15ml 5 cerio, <24hr old Fed before test initiation and 2hr before renewal C, ambient light 16hr:8hr dark Mortality noted daily and at termination TAC: >90% survival in the controls Chronic 10 replicates, 15ml 1 cerio, < 24hr old Fed & sample renewed daily C, ambient light 16hr:8hr dark Neonates counted & mortality noted daily & at termination TAC: >80% survival, 60% of surviving females have >3 broods and ave 15 neonates/surviving female 30
31 P. promelas Method Acute 4 reps, 200ml 10 fish/rep, 1-14 days old, < 24hr age range Fed before test initiation and 2hr before renewal C, ambient light 16hr:8hr dark Mortality noted daily and at termination TAC: >90% survival in controls Chronic > 3 reps, 70ml 10 fish, <48hr old, < 24hr age range Fed & sample renewed daily C, ambient light 16hr:8hr dark Mortality noted daily and at termination, dried & weighed after termination TAC: >80% survival in controls and mean control weight > 0.25mg/fish 31
32 H. azteca Sediment Method 10-d, whole sediment, renew overlying water every 12 hr 8 reps, 175ml overlying water, 100ml of sediment 10 hyalella per replicate, 7-14 days old Fed daily 1ml YCT per chamber C and ,800ft-c 16 hr:8 hr dark Aeration: None unless DO below 2.5 mg/l Mortality and growth noted at test termination TAC: > 80% survival in the controls and measurable growth in control sediment organisms 32
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