Contents General Information Abbreviations and Acronyms Chapter 1 Wastewater Treatment and the Development of Activated Sludge

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2 Contents Contents General Information Abbreviations and Acronyms... 6 Chapter 1 Wastewater Treatment and the Development of Activated Sludge... 8 The Importance of Wastewater Treatment... 8 The Scope of the Problem... 8 Sewage Composition... 8 Concentrations of Ammonia, Nitrate and Phosphate in Wastewater... 9 Flows Inflow and Infiltration Population Equivalent (PE) Some of the Solutions to the Wastewater Disposal Problem Lagoons Fixed Film Treatment (Trickling Filters) Activated Sludge Chapter 2 Hazards Risks and Control Points Hazards Hazardous Events Control Points Critical Limits and Target Criteria Corrective Actions, Incident and Emergency Management Monitoring Sampling Chapter 3 The Bugs. The Good, Bad and Ugly The Activated Sludge Ecosystem Mixed Liquor Microscopic Examination of the Mixed Liquor Bulking and Foaming Chapter 4 Biological Nutrient Removal Basic Activated Sludge Carbon Chemistry Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) The Role of Bacteria in Wastewater Treatment Carbon (COD) Removal Nitrogen Removal Nitrification Denitrification Simultaneous Nitrification Denitrification (SND) Phosphorus Removal Biological Nutrient Removal Summary Chapter 5 Chemical Phosphorus Removal Dosing Points Mixing Alkalinity and ph Theoretical Dosing Required Jar Testing Total Dissolved Solids and MLVSS Residual Iron and Aluminium Levels Monitoring Anaerobic Digester Performance Sludge Volumes

3 Chapter 6 Activated Sludge Plant Configurations Continuous Plants Oxidation Ditch Systems Intermittent Systems Chapter 7 Operation and Optimisation of Activated Sludge Plants Principles of Operation Sludge Age Wasting Separation Nutrient Balance Protection from Toxic Material Optimisation of the Plant Collect Relevant Drawings and Manuals Label all Pits, Valves, Sampling Points and Directions of Flow Control Wasting to Achieve the Required Sludge Age Maintain a Good Settling Biomass Control DO and Monitor the Oxygen Uptake Rate (OUR) Ensure Sufficient Alkalinity and Suitable ph Ensure Necessary Nutrient and Nutrient Ratios are Available Manage Internal Recycles and RAS in Continuous Plants Observe Reactors and Clarifiers Regularly Manage any Return Streams Manage Peak and Holiday Population Flows Know the Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) Summary Requirements for N removal Summary Requirements for EBPR Chapter 8 Aeration Mechanical Aerators Diffused Air Oxygen Transfer Oxygen Transfer Efficiency Mixing Carbon Dioxide Stripping and ph Chapter 9 Prefermentation Activated Primary Tanks and Sidestream Fermenters Process Principles Activated Primary Tank (APT) Side-stream Fermenters Additional Operational Checks APT and Side-stream Fermenters Side-stream Fermenters Monitoring RAS Fermentation

4 Chapter 10 Intermittent Systems Basic Features of SBR and IDEA Plants The Intermittent Cycle Differences between intermittent and continuous plants Types of Decant Systems Modifications for Nutrient Removal Denitrification Simultaneous Nitrification Denitrification (SND) Phosphorus Removal Consequences of Operating Intermittent Plants for Nutrient Removal Operation of Intermittent Plants Depth Variance with Time Increased Outflow from each Tank Clearance Depth during Decant Staggering of Cycles Conditions in the Biomass Change during Settling and Decant Changes to Operational Parameters Modifications for Peak Flow (Storm) Events The Bio-Denitro and Bio-Denipho Hybrid Systems Chapter 11 Monitoring the Activated Sludge Process Sampling Types of Samples Grab Sample Composite Sampling Sample Storage, Preservation and Transport Laboratory Analysis Online Continuous Monitoring: Avoiding Sampling, Storage and Transport Errors Process Monitoring Influent Control Point Anaerobic Zone Control Point Anoxic Zone Control Point Aerobic Zone Control Point Clarifier Control Point Return Stream from Solids Processing Control Point Monitoring Raw Sewage Chapter 12 Secondary Clarifiers Types of Clarifiers Rectangular Clarifiers Removal of Sludge Circular Clarifier Clarifier Operation Operational Parameters Monitoring Clarifier Performance Final Effluent Turbidity and Suspended Solids Return Activated Sludge (RAS) Solids Depth of the Sludge Blanket Scraper Checks Optimisation Chapter 13 Trouble Shooting General Activated Sludge Plant Trouble Shooting Control of Bulking and Foaming Clarifier Trouble Shooting

5 Chapter 14 Online Monitoring and Instrumental Control Influent Load Measurement (BOD, COD, CODf, RBCOD) How is it measured? Dissolved Oxygen Measurement Scenarios DO Control ph and EC MLSS Ammonia Measurement of Ammonia in Wastewater Measurement Scenarios How Does Ammonia Based Control Work? Location of Ammonia Probes Nitrate Measurement of Nitrate in Wastewater Measurement Scenarios Phosphorus Measurement of Phosphorus in Wastewater Use of Online Phosphorus Analysers Installation of Online Analysers Sample Location Instrument Turn Down Sample Pre-preparation Calibration of Online Analysers Chapter 15 Modelling the Activated Sludge Process What is a Process Model? Why Use a Model? Building a Model Step 1. Define the Project Step 2. Configure the Model Step 3. Data Collection and Checking Step 4. Verify the Model Step 5. Apply the Model to Investigate Optimisation or Proposals for Upgrades Some Examples of Modelling Outcomes Case Study 1: Solids Capture Case Study 2: Nutrient Removal Optimisation Chapter 16 Closing Words Appendix A. Method to Determine Flocculated Filtered COD and Readily Biodegradable COD

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