Eric M. Nichols, PE Amy Goldberg Day

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1 Case Study of Subsurface Vapor Intrusion at a Dry Cleaner Site Amy Goldberg Day Amy.Goldberg.Day@lfr.com Eric M. Nichols, PE Eric.Nichols@lfr.com AEHS 14th Annual West Coast Conference on Soils, Sediments and Water

2 Outline Background Conceptual Site Model Data Collection: Groundwater Soil gas Indoor air Vapor Intrusion Modeling Results Comparison of Attenuation Factors Observations and Conclusions

3 Background Shopping center in Central California with 3 dry cleaners Routine disposal of dry cleaning fluids into sanitary sewer Sewer line leaks resulted in PCE releases PCE identified in downgradient municipal drinking water well Dry cleaners implicated and ordered to perform RI/FS type investigation

4 Background, Continued Interbedded fine-grained sediments to ~25 ft bgs Discontinuous coarse-grained sediments from ~25 to 50 feet bgs Depth to groundwater ~50 feet bgs Human health risk assessment performed using applicable data considering source and non-source areas

5 Background, Continued Existing buildings slab-on-grade Some buildings had historical use of PCE All buildings have commercial use Subject building 6000 ft 2 Expected transport mechanisms: Diffusion from source zones Advection and diffusion across foundation

6 Source Area Former Dry Cleaner Sewer Line Subject Building

7 Groundwater Data Summary 3 yrs of quarterly monitoring from 18 A-zone wells Analyzed using EPA Method 8260A Source-area PCE detected in 13 of 13 samples: 5,000 to 85,000 µg/l 95% UCL 48,300 µg/l Non-source-area PCE detected in 118 of 124 samples: 1.5 to 12,000 µg/l 95% UCL 1,800 µg/l

8 Soil Gas Data Summary Soil gas samples collected from March 1997 through June 1998 Used syringe collection technique Analyzed via on-site mobile lab using EPA Method 8010 with Hall detector 378 samples collected from 0 to 10 feet bgs 77 source-area PCE samples: maximum detected 39,490 µg/l 304 non-source area PCE samples: 1.0 to 9,060 µg/l 95% UCL 605 µg/l

9 Flux Chamber Data Summary 13 indoor sample locations on observed floor seams and cracks 4 outdoor locations in planter boxes Collection rate 1 L/min in 6-L evacuated canisters TO-14 SIM PCE detected in all indoor samples Flux range 0.29 to 26 µg/min-ft

10 Air Data Summary Indoor air samples collected in 6 buildings, 1 located over source area, 3 outdoor samples 15 samples collected over source area in 5 separate sampling events over 14 months 1 sample collected in each of the other buildings Samples collected in evacuated canisters over a 24-hour or 8 hour period

11 Air Data Summary Subject building vacant during first air sampling event Doors closed; HVAC on Cracks and seams were sealed before third sampling event Similar results Building was reoccupied and floor covering added before fourth sampling event Fourth and fifth sampling events were during normal business hours, with doors opening and closing throughout day

12 Air Data Summary, Continued Method TO-14 SIM PCE detected in all source-area indoor air samples: to µg/l 95%UCL µg/l PCE detected in all non-source area air samples: to µg/l 95%UCL0.029 µg/l PCE slightly analytical reporting limits in 2 outdoor samples ( & µg/l)

13 Vapor Intrusion Modeling Considerations Considered commercial setting Estimated indoor air PCE concentrations using Johnson & Ettinger model from groundwater and soil gas data with site-specific soil and building parameters

14 Results of VI Modeling from Groundwater For J&E model, used measured building width, length, and volume Used ASTM default air exchange rate, foundation thickness, fraction open area in building foundation/walls Used 90th percentile of measured intrinsic permeability [8.6x10-12 m 2 ] Estimated indoor air PCE concentration: µg/l over source area µg/l over non-source area

15 Results of VI Modeling from Soil Gas Used same parameters as groundwater-source model Estimated indoor air PCE concentration: µg/l over source area µg/l over non-source area

16 esults of VI Modeling from Crack Flux Data Applied mean flux from 13 ft of sampled cracks to 425 ft of un-sampled cracks Assumes cracks are only significant route of vapor entry (BIG assumption!) Applied box mixing model with building volume and air exchange rate Estimated indoor PCE concentration µg/l

17 Results Comparison (PCE in µg/l) Data Source Media (95% UCL) Modeled Indoor Air Measured Indoor Air NS-GW 1, S-GW 48, NS-SGd S-SGd 25, CK-IA 6.95 (avg. flux in µg/min/ft) Bold indicates higher value

18 Attenuation Factor Comparison Data Estimated Indoor Air Measured Indoor Air Draft OSWER Default NS-GW 3.7x x x10-3 S-GW 3.8x x x10-3 NS-SGd 3.3x x x10-2 S-SGd 3.3x x x10-2 Crack flux data not useful for estimating attenuation factor

19 Observations EPA Attenuation Factors 100 to 1000 times more conservative than empirical data Observed measured attenuation factors ranged from 1x10-5 to 1x10-6 Johnson & Ettinger model with sitespecific parameters reasonable predictor of indoor air concentrations and attenuation factors

20 Observations, Continued Flux chamber data was least accurate predictor of indoor air concentrations Sealing floor cracks and seams did not significantly reduce indoor air concentrations or apparent attenuation factor HVAC on or off did not significantly reduce indoor air concentrations or apparent attenuation factor Installation and operation of SVE system reduced measured indoor air concentrations to below reporting limits

21 Conclusions Reduction following SVE confirms origin of impact was from subsurface EPA generic attenuation factors are significantly more conservative than attenuation factors measured at this site Measured groundwater-indoor air or soil gasindoor air attenuation factors were within one order of magnitude of modeled attenuation factors

22 Conclusions For this well-characterized site, use of soil gas or groundwater data were appropriate to predict attenuation factors Site-specific subsurface and building conditions likely influenced differences between measured and generic attenuation factors

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