Biotic Factors to Monitor Water Quality
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- Milo Roberts
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1 Biotic Factors to Monitor Water Quality Parts of a Stream or River Riffles white water area usually with rock substrate protruding through the surface of the water Runs area in between white water, without obstructions to water flow, usually with rock substrate, but can be sandy Pools areas out of the main flow, backwater areas, eddies, usually with a sand or leaf debris substrate 1
2 water quality biotic.notebook 2
3 pool Biomonitoring Biomonitoring is the use of living organisms and their responses to different pollution levels to determine the quality of the aquatic environment. Scientists are looking for biodiversity a range of different macroinvertebrates. Biomonitoring is used mainly in two ways: 1) Surveys before and after an impact 2) Regular sampling to make sure the laws are being followed about water quality standards 3
4 Why Use Macroinvertebrates (Big Aquatic Insects) for Biomonitoring? Found in all areas (microhabitats) within the stream Large numbers of species exhibit a wide variety of tolerance levels to environmental stress They do not move as much as fish, so it is easier to determine an affected stream or river Long life cycles relative to other organisms so an idea of time can be determined Easy to collect without expensive equipment There are some problems, however; Aquatic invertebrates do not respond to all types of impacts Insect distribution and abundance can be affected by other factors than pollution (stream velocity, substrate type) Their abundance can vary seasonally Dispersal activities can carry them into areas where they do not normally occur 4
5 How to Use the Pollution Tolerance Index The Pollution Tolerance Index uses indicator organisms and their pollution tolerance levels to determine the overall, longterm health of a stream. Organisms are collected and identified to which tolerance groups they belong. Not all aquatic insects are counted in the PTI because not all insects are affected directly by water pollution. Only insects that live underwater and rely on it for food and breathing are counted. Bugs that live on the water surface are not counted because they obtain their oxygen from the air. Some insects that live underwater, such as dragonflies and many beetles, are not counted because they can rise to the surface and obtain air from the atmosphere, then go back underwater. How to Use the Pollution Tolerance Index Each of the three tolerance groups are assigned an index (point) value. Group 1 has an index (point) value of 3 Group 2 has an index (point) value of 2 Group 3 has an index (point) value of 1 The water quality value is determined by multiplying the number of kinds of organisms in each group by that groups index value. By adding all the numbers from each group, a single index value is calculated. By referring to the index value chart, a rating of water quality is given. 5
6 How to Use the Pollution Tolerance Index The water quality is determined by: Adding the points within each group Adding the total points in all three groups to calculate the Cumulative Index value Comparing the calculated Cumulative Index value to the value on the Stream Quality Assessment chart For Example... In one sample, students collected caddisflies, mayflies, stoneflies, dragonflies, crayfish, clams, blackflies, and midges. According to the Pollution tolerance index, each representative in group one carries a value of 3. Mayflies, caddisflies, and stoneflies are all found in group 1, therefore each representative is given a value of 3. Dragonflies, crayfish, and clams are all found in group 2, therefore each representative is given a value of 2. Blackflies and midges are all found in group 3, therefore each representative is given a value of 1. 6
7 Your data sheet would look something like this: representatives Group 1 points Group 2 points Group 3 points caddisflies 3 mayflies 3 stoneflies 3 dragonflies 2 crayfish 2 clams 2 blackflies 1 midges 1 total points The Answer Adding the totals from each group gives an index value of 17. Referring to the following Index Table,what is the water quality of this stream? Cumulative Index Value Stream Quality Assessment 23 or greater Excellent Good Fair 10 or less Poor 7
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