Woody Biomass to Energy Workshop September 14, UC Cooperative Extension Oroville, California
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1 Biofuels Woody Biomass to Energy Workshop September 14, 2010 UC Cooperative Extension Oroville, California Rob Williams Biological and Agricultural Engineering California Biomass Collaborative University of California, Davis
2 Contents Overview of Biofuel Pathways Starch to Ethanol (conventional ethanol) Conventional Biodiesel Cellulosic Ethanol Thermochemical Biofuel Pathways Renewable diesel and hydrocarbons Renewable synthetic natural gas Greenhouse Gas Emissions Costs
3 Biofuel Pathways Feedstocks Conversion Fuel Product Grains: Corn, Wheat, Rice, etc. Sugarcane Sugarbeet Starch & Sugar Fermentation (biochemical) Ethanol (Butanol also possible)
4 Biofuel Pathways Feedstocks Conversion Fuel Product Grains: Corn, Wheat, Rice, etc. Sugarbeet Sugarcane Plant oils, waste fats/oils, (Algal oil, not yet commercial) Starch & Sugar Fermentation (biochemical) Transesterification (Physicochemical) Ethanol (Butanol also possible) Conventional Biodiesel (fatty-acid alkyl-esters, aka FAME)
5 Biofuel Pathways Feedstocks Conversion Fuel Product Grains: Corn, Wheat, Rice, etc. Sugarbeet Sugarcane Plant oils, waste fats/oils, (Algae, not yet commercial) Municipal / Industrial higher moisture: food and processor residues, manures, green and mixed waste, landfill and digester gas, etc. Starch & Sugar Fermentation (biochemical) Transesterification (Physicochemical) Anaerobic Digestion (landfills, waste water treatment, engineered digesters) Ethanol (Butanol also possible) Conventional Biodiesel (fatty-acid alkyl-esters) Compressed Biomethane (renewable natural gas)
6 Biofuel Pathways Feedstocks Conversion Fuel Product Grains: Corn, Wheat, Rice, etc. Sugarbeet Sugarcane Plant oils, waste fats/oils, (Algae, not yet commercial) Municipal / Industrial higher moisture: food and processor residues, green and mixed waste, landfill and digester gas, etc. Lignocellulosic matls. Stover, cobs, straws, etc. wood residue & Energy crops: switchgrass etc., short rotation trees, etc. Starch & Sugar Fermentation (biochemical) Transesterification (Physicochemical) Anaerobic Digestion Cellulosic Ethanol: Hydrolysis (Enzymatic/Acid) followed by Sugar Fermentation Ethanol (Butanol also possible) Conventional Biodiesel (fatty-acid alkyl-esters) Compressed Biomethane (renewable natural gas)
7 Biofuel Pathways Feedstocks Conversion Fuel Product Grains: Corn, Wheat, Rice, etc. Starch & Sugar Fermentation (biochemical) Ethanol (Butanol also possible) Sugarbeet Sugarcane v Plant oils, waste fats/oils, (Algae, not yet commercial) Municipal / Industrial higher moisture: food and processor residues, green and mixed v waste, landfill and digester gas, etc. v Transesterification (Physicochemical) Anaerobic Digestion v Conventional Biodiesel (fatty-acid alkyl-esters) Compressed Biomethane (renewable natural gas) v Hydrogen Lignocellulosic matls. Stover, cobs, straws, etc. wood residue & Energy crops: switchgrass etc., short rotation trees, etc. Gasification (with post processing) Syngas (CO & H 2 ) Fischer-Tropsch Liquids (Hydrocarbons:Diesel/ Gasoline) Methanol or mixed alcohols Synthetic Natural Gas (compressed)
8 Biofuel Pathways Feedstocks Conversion Fuel Product Grains: Corn, Wheat, Rice, etc. v Sugarbeet Sugarcane Plant oils, waste fats/oils, (Algae, not yet commercial) Municipal / Industrial higher moisture: food and processor residues, green and mixed v waste, landfill and digester gas, etc. v Starch & Sugar Fermentation (biochemical) Transesterification (Physicochemical) Anaerobic Digestion v Ethanol (Butanol also possible) Conventional Biodiesel (fatty-acid alkyl-esters) Compressed Biomethane (renewable natural gas) v Hydrogen Lignocellulosic matls. Stover, cobs, straws, etc. wood residue & Energy crops: switchgrass etc., short rotation trees, etc. Gasification (with post processing) Pyrolysis (Bio-Oils) Fischer-Tropsch Liquids (Hydrocarbons:Diesel/ Gasoline) Methanol or mixed alcohols Synthetic Natural Gas (compressed) Hydrotreatment/Cracking (i.e., Petroleum Refinery Operations) Diesel and Gasoline
9 Biofuel Pathways Feedstocks Conversion Fuel Product Grains: Corn, Wheat, Rice, etc. Sugarbeet Sugarcane Plant oils, waste fats/oils, (Algae, not yet commercial) Municipal / Industrial higher moisture: food and processor residues, manures, green and mixed waste, landfill and digester gas, etc. Lignocellulosic matls. Stover, cobs, straws, etc. wood residue & Energy crops: switchgrass etc., short rotation trees, etc. Starch & Sugar Fermentation (biochemical) Transesterification (Physicochemical) Anaerobic Digestion Cellulosic Ethanol: Hydrolysis (Enzymatic/Acid) followed by Sugar Fermentation Gasification (with post processing) Pyrolysis (Bio-Oils) Hydrotreatment/Cracking (i.e., Petroleum Refinery Operations) Ethanol (Butanol also possible) Conventional Biodiesel (fatty-acid alkyl-esters) Compressed Biomethane (renewable natural gas) Hydrogen Fischer-Tropsch Liquids (Hydrocarbons:Diesel/ Gasoline) Methanol or mixed alcohols Synthetic Natural Gas (compressed) Diesel and Gasoline
10 Ethanol Fermentation: Starch/Sugars Well known technology (glucose fermentation) Basis for corn grain-ethanol industry Sugar feedstocks similarly fermented (e.g. sugar from sugar cane in Brazil, sugarbeets possible) Efficiency improvements continuing Uncertainties regarding sustainability (Carbon charge from indirect land use effect (ILU) for California Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) is large: Corn EtOH is ~ same as gasoline for lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions) Ethanol is not fungible with petroleum distribution pipelines Ethanol Production Cost ($/gallon) Corn Price ($ per bushel) $12/MMBtu gas $8/MMBtu gas Photo; B.M. Jenkins
11 Conventional Biodiesel Mono-alkyl esters of fatty acids derived from plant oils and animal fats. Sometimes called FAME (for fatty-acid-methylester) Fatty acid ethylester (FAEE) Some potential for cold weather flow ability problems Can have oxygen stability problems (shorter shelf life) Production to ASTM standards important Engine OEMs hesitant to warranty due to off-spec product in the market. Considered Commercial Process but product is not fungible with current petroleum pipeline distribution system Many oil companies not interested in biodiesel- - want a hydrocarbon product from biomass that can be mixed / produced at the refinery and distributed w/ fossil products (engine OEMs would be happier too)
12 Cellulosic Ethanol Fermentation Using Lignocellulosic Feedstocks Cellulose, hemicellulose is the feedstock Bound by lignin tough to get at and lignin passes through process as a residue Needs Pretreatment and Hydrolysis (cellulose depolymerization--glucose release) to get to sugar molecules Opportunity to use the whole plant (corn + stover) Non-food energy crops Biomass residue (large potential amount) for biofuel production Should have improved lifecycle greenhouse gas performance compared to starch/sugar-to-ethanol Improved per acre biofuel yield for case of energy crops (sustainability issues need to be understood). Enzymatic Hydrolysis Not yet (again) commercial Acid hydrolysis of wood one of earliest technologies for fuel/industrial ethanol (WW I) US DOE, NREL, Novozymes, Genencor work on cellulase enzymes (enzymatic hydrolysis) DOE has awarded $$ to multiple cellulose to ethanol demonstrations ( Commercial Scale ) Much entrepreneurial interest and venture capital Acid Hydrolysis e.g., BlueFire Ethanol
13 Renewable Diesel or Renewable Synthetic Diesels include (these are the hydrocarbon liquids oil companies are looking for): Drop-in Fuels or hydrocarbons (compatible with distribution and current engines) Fischer-Tropsch diesels from gasified biomass (syngas : CO and H 2 ) FT diesels sulfur free Wide product spectrum including gasolines, diesels, alcohols, waxes, aviation fuels, higher value consumer products Yields expected to be gallons liquid hydrocarbon product per dry ton biomass Hydrotreatment, is hydrothermal upgrading of vegetable oils and animal fats, other lipids and esters (e.g. Shell, Neste, Petrobras, UOP) as well as Bio-oils from fast pyrolysis Low life-cycle greenhouse gas footprints Capital intensive Desire large plant for economies of scale Therefore requires large flow of feedstock Biomass Gasification (partial oxidation) Pyrolysis (heating in absence of oxygen) Pyrolysis Oil ( Bio-Oil ) Gas Cleaning and shifting This area requires much R&D for biomass systems Upgrading [e.g., Petroleum Refinery] Synthesis Gas [CO, H 2 ] Fuels: Diesel Gasoline Synthesize with catalysts Fuels: Diesel Gasoline Alcohols Methane Hydrogen
14 Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) from thermal gasification of biomass: Recent awards from the Energy Commission (Alternative and Renewable Fuel and Vehicle Technology Program) Harvest Power / Agnion / City of San Jose Urban wood waste to biomethane (San Jose) $1.9 million award Dual Bed Gasifier Gas cleaning, tar reforming Reform to Methane CO2 scrubbing Bio - SNG G4 Insights Inc. Forest biomass conversion to compressed biomethane (Placer County?) $1.2 million award
15 Relative Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Alt. Fuels compared to conventional gasoline/diesel Fuel Land use change % Coal to liquids 0 Petroleum Fuel Midwest Corn EtOH CA drymill EtOH, wet DGS Brazil Cane EtOH Cellulosic EtOH (farmed trees) Soy Biodiesel Biodiesel (tallow) Biodiesel (used oil) BTL - FischerTropsch (forest waste) CTL- Fischer Tropsch (Coal CNG LFG CNG Biomethane (dairy) GHG Emissions (% of petroleum fuel) California Air Resources Board LCFS various reports- see: WELL-TO-WHEELS ANALYSIS OF FUTURE AUTOMOTIVE FUELS AND POWERTRAINS IN THE EUROPEAN CONTEXT
16 DOE production cost goals Ethanol prices and DOE Cellulosic Ethanol Cost Targets ($/gallon of ethanol) ($9/gge) * ($4/gge) ($3/gge) (~$2.24/gge) * Source: DOE EERE Office of the Biomass Program, Multi-year Program Plan, App. C
17 New Study (2010 In Press *): Estimates cost of production for near-term biomass-to-liquid fuels (advanced) technology Assumptions Corn Stover 2200 BDT per day feedstock (~725,000 BDT/year) $75/BDT feedstock gate price ~37 MM gallons gasoline equivalent (gge) per year Near-term Assumptions by technology Capital ($MM) Yield (gal/bdt) Yield (gge/bdt) Cellulosic Ethanol Gasification then Fischer-Tropsch (BTL) Fast Pyrolysis then hydroprocessing DOE 2012 Target cost * Source; Anex, RP et al., 2010 (Iowa State, NREL & ConocoPhillips)
18 (Some) US Cellulosic Biofuel Projects under development Company Proposed Location Method Proposed Feedstocks Proposed Capacity (MM gpy) Abengoa Bioenergy Kansas Combined Thermo- and Biochemical Stover, straws, switchgrass, other 11.4 Abengoa Bioenergy Nebraska Biochemical Stover, straws, switchgrass, other 11.5 AE Biofuels Montana Enzymatic Hydrolysis - Fermentation Switchgrass, seed, straw, stover small scale BlueFire Mississippi Concentrated Acid- then Fermentation Sorted green and wood waste 19 BlueFire California Concentrated Acid- then Fermentation Sorted green and wood waste 3.1 Coskata PA Fermentation Biomass, MSW, Ag residue (40 thousand gpy) Dupont TN Enzymatic Hydrolysis - then fermentation Switchgrass, stover, corn cobs (250 thousand gpy) Ecofin, LLC Kentucky Altech solid state fermentation Corn cobs 1.3 Fulcrum Bioenergy Nevada Gasification / catalytic upgrade MSW? G4 Insights Inc. Canada / California Gasification to Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) Woody residues Small demo Harvest Power/ Agnion California / Europe Gasification to SNG Urban wood waste, maybe biosolids Small demo ICM Missouri Enzymatic Hydrolysis - Fermentation Lignol Innovations Colorado biochem - organosolve Switchgrass, forage, sorghum, stover 0.5 Woody biomass, ag. residues, hard and soft woods Mascoma New York Enzymatic Switchgrass, paper sludge, wood 5 New Planet Energy Florida Gaddy - BRI (gasification, ferment syngas MSW, demolition debri, green waste New Page Wisconsin Black Liquor gasification -to - liquid woody biomass, mill residues 5.5 Pacific Ethanol Oregon Enzymatic - then fermentation wheat straw, stover, poplar residues 2.7 POET Iowa Enzymatic - then fermentation corn fiber, cobs, and stover 31 Range Fuels (Announces some methanol produced in startup- Aug, 10) Georgia Gasification / catalytic upgrade Purpose grown trees and forest wood wastes 20 Rentech California, Mississippi Gasification / catalytic upgrade MSW, demolition debri, green waste 10 West Biofuels California Gasification / catalytic upgrade Woody biomass, agr. and urban residues (100 thousand gpy) Zeachem Oregon Poplar, sugar and wood chips California Air Resources Board LCFS various reports- see:
19 Thank You Rob Williams Development Engineer Biological and Agricultural Engineering California Biomass Collaborative University of California, Davis Phone: Web: biomass.ucdavis.edu
20 EISA* 2007 Biofuel Volume Mandates * Energy Independence and Security Act of
21 Miles per dry ton biomass (lignocellulosic) Miles per dry ton of biomass Bio-Electricity Hydrogen Fuel Cell Bio-Electricity (35% efficiency, IGCC/cofiring) (62 kg H 2 /ton) (25% efficiency, current) Ethanol (110 gallons/ton) BTL-Syndiesel (63 gallons/ton) Ethanol (80 gallons/ton) Based on hybrid vehicle with 44 miles per gallon fuel economy on gasoline, 260 Wh/mile battery (source: B. Epstein, E2). Electricity includes generating efficiency, transmission, distribution, and battery charging losses. Ethanol, BTL-Syndiesel, and H 2 include fuel distribution transport energy. Source: B.M. Jenkins
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