Thermal comfort study of a hawker center in Singapore
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1 September 004 Page of 6 Thermal comfort study of a hawker center in Singapore Song Jiafang, Wong Nyuk Hien, Agustinus Djoko Istiadji Department of Building, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, 4 Architecture Drive, Singapore, 7566 ABSTRACT: A three-pronged approach was utilized to investigate the natural ventilation performance of an upgraded hawker center in Singapore. Field measurements and thermal comfort survey were conducted to evaluate the thermal comfort perceptions of the users of the hawker center, and the areas with poor thermal comfort conditions were identified. Field measurements also provided the basic parameters of the boundary conditions for CFD simulation. Wind tunnel tests were then carried out to determine the natural ventilation performance of the hawker center. The wind tunnel study also explores the impacts of four variations (increasing width of center passageway, openings in the roof, removal of end walls and increasing the roof height) on the natural ventilation. In total, sixteen wind tunnel tests combined with the four variations were performed. The CFD simulations were conducted to study the impact on thermal comfort of three kinds of fans (wall fan, ceiling fan and extract fan) and to determine the type of the fan which could improve the thermal condition more effectively in the hawker center. Conference Topic: 3 Comfort and well-being in urban spaces Keywords: thermal comfort, natural ventilation, wind tunnel, CFD. INTRODUCTION Hawker centers are rather unique to Singapore. They provide most Singaporeans with economical meals. Unlike most air-conditioned buildings such as offices, shopping centers and institutions, hawker centers which are close to the main streets still remain naturally ventilated. Due to the poor thermal conditions of many hawker centers, the Ministry of Environment officially announced a hawker centers upgrading program (HUP) in 00[]. Although a number of upgraded hawker centers have been improved greatly its physical outlook and hygiene level, complaints continue to receive about its poor natural ventilation. Therefore, it is important to study the natural ventilation of hawker centers and to explore effective methods to improve the thermal comfort conditions in the hawker centers. Rao and Ho made a thermal comfort study on a local hawker center in 978[]. They concluded that the unfavorable thermal comfort conditions in the hawker center were resulted from combined effect of air temperature, relative humidity and roof thermal insulation which could be improved by the installation of fans to increase air movement and the use of a reflective aluminum foil to reduce the thermal radiation. It was difficult to achieve a good thermal comfort condition in the hawker center under the hot and humid weather only using natural ventilation. Installing fans in the hawker centers is one of the effective methods to increase the air movement which can improve the thermal comfort conditions. However, how to choose a suitable fan to improve the ventilation in the hawker centers is becoming a difficult problem to the designers. In this study, three types of fans were examined by CFD simulations in order to find out the effective type of fans. The objectives of this study are as follows:. To study the natural ventilation and thermal comfort conditions of an existing hawker center.. To identify the areas which are poorly ventilated therefore affect the thermal comfort in the hawker center. 3. To investigate the design parameters which govern natural wind movement inside the hawker center. 4. To study the air velocity and temperature performance of an existing hawker center installed by different fans using CFD simulation. 5. To study the impact on thermal comfort of hawker centers installing different fans by CFD simulation results.. METHODOLOGY. Overview of the methodology This study was conducted using a three-pronged approach. The first approach involved a field study to investigate the thermal comfort conditions of the hawker center under investigation. The study aimed to provide an understanding of the thermal comfort conditions of the hawker center and to identify the areas/zones that could be poorly ventilated thus affecting the thermal comfort of the users. Another aim of field study was to collect the actual data of boundary conditions for CFD simulation. The second approach involved the wind tunnel testing to determine the natural ventilation performance of the hawker center. Several design parameters were also examined to determine their impacts on the natural
2 September 004 Page of 6 ventilation. The third approach involved the CFD simulations which provided simulation results from three different fans installed in the hawker center and determined the type of fan which could improve the thermal condition more effectively in the hawker center.. Field study The field study covered both the objective measurements and the subjective evaluations, which were conducted simultaneously [3]. The survey was conducted on the patrons of the hawker center and the survey was usually carried out before the respondents took their food. This was to ensure that the thermal comfort perception of the respondents would not be affected by the type of food they consumed. The site was divided into 3 sections as shown in Figure. The site was sub-divided as follows because during the site walk-through, it was found that these three sections might be experiencing different thermal environment. simulate the wind condition of the hawker center which has high-rise buildings surrounding it, the mean wind speed from each direction were corrected using the power law. Figure : Models of the hawker center and its surrounding buildings SECTION 3 4 SECTION SECTION 3 9 ⒑ ⒒ ⒓ PLAN VIEW OF THE HAWKER CENTER Figure 3: Placement of the sensors in the model. Table : Wind direction and mean speed for 8 years. EVELATIONAL VIEW OF THE HAWKER CENTER SIDE EVELATIONAL VIEW OF THE HAWKER CENTER North Northeast East Southeast 4.5m/s 6.0 m/s 6. m/s 6.64m/s South Southwest West Northwest 5.8 m/s 4.77 m/s 3.73 m/s.90 m/s Figure : Layout of the hawker center..3 Wind tunnel testing In this study, the wind tunnel experiment was performed in an atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel, which has the dimensions of.75 m high, 3.75 m wide and 7.00 m long. A :00 scale model of the hawker center with its surrounding buildings were modelled ( Figure ). In this experiment, there were sensors installed in the hawker center to measure the wind speed. Figure 3 shows the locations of the sensors placed in equal numbers in the three zones. The magnitude of the wind speed set for each direction was based on the weather data from the Singapore meteorological station over 8 years ( Table ) [4]. However, the raw data from the meteorological station could not be used directly as these mean wind speeds were recorded by instruments situated at 0m above ground. To In order to calculate the average wind speed at each sensor point taking into account the wind speed from all the eight directions, the wind speed at each direction was weighted by the percentage frequency distribution of the respective wind direction ( Table ). Table : Average percentage frequency of wind direction in Singapore SW W NW N Ave % NE E SE S Ave % In this wind tunnel testing, four variations to the model were made to determine their impacts on the natural ventilation. Variation A: removal of middle portion stalls. Variation B: removal of skylights on the roof. Variation C: removal of end walls and kiosk.
3 September 004 Page 3 of 6 Variation D: increasing the roof height by about. meters. In order to study the combined effects of the four variations, sixteen tests were performed: ) No Variation ) Variation A 3) Variation AB 4) Variation ABC 5) Variation BC 6) Variation AC 7) Variation C 8) Variation B 9) Variation DB 0) Variation DAB ) Variation DBC ) Variation DABC 3) Variation DAC 4) Variation DA 5) Variation D 6) Variation DC.4 CFD simulation A three-dimensional CFD code was used in this study. Section of the hawker center simulated was chosen to create the building model in CFD software because section had the poor natural ventilation, as seen from the field study and wind tunnel testing. This was to simplify the process of creating the geometry model and save the computation time..4. Building model In order to compare the impact of different types of fans on the thermal comfort condition of the hawker center, there are four building models created in the CFD. Figure 4 shows the building model with the wall fans in the CFD software. The building models include no fan in the hawker center, ceiling fans, wall fans and exhaust fans installed in the hawker center. The exhaust fans were installed on the roof. The specification of the three kinds of the fans can be seen in the Table 3. Figure 4: Building model in the CFD software Table 3: Specification of the different fans shape Size Air Setting number (m) speed height Wall fan R 3m/s 3.8m 0 Ceiling R.35 3m/s 3.75m 8 fan 6.3 Exhaust fan C. * 3m/s 8.3m 5 Note: R=rectangle, C= circular; *=diameter.4. Boundary conditions In this CFD study, the standard k-ε model were used for turbulence modeling. The inlet and outlet pressures were assigned to be zero, relative to the ambient atmospheric pressure. The ambient temperature was assumed to be 9. The wind speed of the inlet was set to m/s. The surface temperature of the objects in the hawker, which were obtained from the field measurement, is shown in Table 4. Table 4: Surface temperature of the objects in the hawker center Objects Surface temperature ( ) Roof 65 Stall 40 Column 40 Floor 33 Skylight DATA ANALYSIS 3. Field study on thermal comfort Table 5 shows the mean air, Radiant and Operative temperatures at the three sections at three different time slots. The results show that the temperatures at Sections & are consistently higher than that in Section 3. It is also interesting to note that for Section 3, the air temperatures are lower than the Radiant temperatures but for Sections &, the air temperatures are consistently higher than the Radiant temperatures. The higher air temperatures in these sections suggest that warm air is trapped inside. This is most probably due to the poor natural ventilation of the hawker center that does not effectively extract the warm air from inside. Table 5: Mean temperatures of the 3 sections at different sessions. Afternoon Radiant Air operative Section Section Section Late afternoon Radiant Air operative Section Section Section Evening Radiant Air operative Section Section Section Table 6 shows the results of the mean velocity measured at the three sections. It is very surprising to observe that the wind velocities measured at Sections & are higher than Section 3 most of the time. A detailed observation of the three sections revealed that this is due to the installation of more ceiling and wall fans in Sections &. However, this additional provision of fans did not seem to lower the air temperatures, indicating that the fans only serve to circulate the hot air around. Figure 5 shows the results of the thermal comfort survey for the three sections. The results show very clearly that
4 September 004 Page 4 of 6 the respondents were more thermally comfortable in Section 3 than in Sections &. Table 6: Mean velocity at sections Section 3 Section Section Afternoon Late Afternoon Evening Figure 5: Results of thermal comfort survey for the three sections. 3. Results from wind tunnel testing 3.. Base case In order to determine the performance of natural ventilation at a particular location, both the magnitude of wind speed as well as the frequency distribution in the eight directions is to be considered. Table 7 shows the weighted average wind speeds at the twelve locations. From the results, it can be concluded that: ) Zone has the worst ventilation. ) Zone and are almost equally bad. 3) Zone is slightly better than Zone as Channel 5 is comparatively better ventilated than Channel. 4) Zone 3 is the zone with the best ventilation Table 7: Overall percentage weighted average wind speed graph grouped according to the three Zones. Ch,5,9 Ch,6,0 Ch3,7, Ch4,8, Zone Zone Zone The above results confirmed the earlier observation that Sections & have poorer thermal comfort perceptions. The poor natural ventilation in these two sections has resulted in warm air being trapped and the provision of ceiling and wall fans do not seem to alleviate the problems. Zone has the worst ventilation because it is not easy for wind to flow across the length of Zone due to the presence of a kiosk situated just off the northwest end of Zone. Zone is also covered by a relatively high external stall partition, which overlaps with the projected eave from the roof; this has caused a major obstruction for the wind to flow into Zone. For Zone, the presence of a narrow passage way in the center of the hawker center has prevented crossventilation from occurring. Zone 3 has the best ventilation performance because of its openness. Zone 3 has no partition walls along the length of the food center and it could directly receive wind from the west, south and southwest directions. 3.. Combinations of 4 variations In order to explore the impacts of four variations on the natural ventilation, 6 tests were performed altogether. Table 8 shows the summary of the percentage change for all the 6 tests. From the results, it can be seen that among the four individual variations, Variation D is the most effective variation in improving the ventilation of the hawker center. It is therefore proven that the increase in roof height would promote cross-ventilation, especially along the width of the food center which was otherwise restricted by the low eaves. This also explains why Zone benefited the most from Variation D as the eaves have been raised and it is now above the external wall. Variation A is the next effective variation, which improve ventilation of all the three zones with Zone having the best improvement of 6%. This improvement is due to the fact that by having wider passageway, wind can be channeled into Zone more effectively. Table 8: Summary of the percentage change of each zone for all the 6 tests Base A B C Zone 0 6% 3% 0% Zone 0 9% -3% -4% Zone 3 0 7% 0% 0% Improv 0 4% 0% -4% D AB AC AD Zone 36% 6% % 56% Zone % % -9% 0% Zone 3 8% 7% 5% 0% Improv 65% 44% 9% 96% BC BD DC ABC Zone 0% 6% 5% 4% Zone -9% % -% -% Zone 3 0% % % 7% Improv % 38% 36% 50% ABD BCD ACD ABCD Zone 6% 6% 63% 6% Zone 7% -8% % 0% Zone 3 3% 9% 33% 35% Improv 0% 37% 8% 08% For the variation B, the ventilation for Zone and is similar to that of the base case and Zone 3 has a significant improvement of 0%. The reason for this is probably due to the strong lateral flow of air along the various zones. As wind flows along the length of the zones, there is less tendency for the wind to flow vertically upwards and exit through the openings at
5 September 004 Page 5 of 6 the removed skylights unless there are some obstructions along its lateral flow and forces the wind to be pushed upwards. The results show that Variation C has a very ineffective change; generally it did not help in improving the ventilation condition for Zones and 3. In addition, it has severely worsened the ventilation condition for Zone by a drop in percentage weighted average wind speed of 4%. Such a result suggests that the original end walls and kiosk have created the channel effects which increased the wind speed at the points next to the end walls. For other combinations of variations, the results show that Variation ACD is most effective followed by Variation ABCD, and Variation ABD. Variation ABCD (second most effective) is significantly less effective than Variation ACD (most effective) only for Zone. The only difference between the two is the inclusion of Variation B into Variation ACD. Upon a closer observation at the data in Table 8, it can be seen that whenever Variation B combines particularly with Variation D, the effect of Variation D on zone is significantly reduced (from % for Variation D to % for Variation BD). 3.3 Results from CFD simulations In order to determine the air velocity and temperature performance in the hawker center, two levels namely 0.75m and 4.5m heights were chosen to compare the simulation results. There are nine points (see F igure 6) chosen at each level. Six points lie in the stalls, and three points lie in the seating area occurs in the seating area for the wall fan model. As the two rows of the wall fans are situated opposite to the stalls, the air leaving the opening at the right side directs towards the left and meets the air from the left wall fans. The mixing of the two opposite air flow decreases the air velocity. For the ceiling fan and exhaust fan model, the counterclockwise vortex flow occurs near the right stalls. The air flow blowing from the opening above the stalls forms the counterclockwise vortex flow with the reverse flow. This circulation weakens the air velocity at low level. m/s Figure 7: Comparison of the air velocity at high level among the four models m/s Figure 8: Comparison of the air velocity at low level among the four models Figure 6: Layout of reading points in hawker center Figure 7 and Figure 8 show the comparison of air velocity at a particular location in the hawker center among the four models. From the results, it can be concluded that installing fans in the hawker center can increase the air velocity at high level but has little effect on air velocity at low level. The increases of the air velocity with ceiling fans at high level are more than that with wall fans and extract fans because three rows of ceiling fans are distributed in the hawker center. More rows distribution of the fans can improve the air circulation. However, at the low level, the fans have little improvement on the air velocity. At some positions at low level, the air velocity with no fan is even higher than that with wall fans, ceiling fans and exhaust fans. This is possibly due to the existence of the vortex flow for the model with fans. It can be seen from Figure (b) that counterclockwise vortex flow Figure 9 and Figure 0 show the comparison of air temperature at particular location in the hawker center among the four models. The results have indicated that installing fans has improved the air temperature performance in the hawker center because the air temperature with fans is lower than that without fans. From Figure 0, it can be seen that installing the exhaust fan can improve the air temperature performance most effectively, following by the wall fan, then the ceiling fan. The reason for this is that installing the exhaust fan affects the air flow pattern in the hawker center. Density differences of the air can draw cool, outdoor air in at low ventilation openings and exhaust warm, indoor air at higher ventilation openings. More warm air flows outside the hawker center by means of the exhaust fan s suction function, so the air temperature decreases. Because the wall fans are installed in opposite walls, one row of wall fans blows the air from the inlet back to form the vortex flow. It is apparent
6 September 004 Page 6 of 6 that the vortex flow appears between the stalls. This vortex circulation mixes the warm air with cool air, which results in the increase of the air temperature at low level of the hawker center. From the Figure (c), it can be seen not only that vortex flow exists but also that the hot air above the ceiling fan flow back inside rather than flow outside. The reverse of the warm air at high level result from the lower pressure zone forming around the ceiling fan. Such a result suggests that the installation of the fans should help the hot air flow outside in addition to increasing the air velocity. Degree Figure 9: Comparison of the air temperature at high level among the four models Degree Figure 0: Comparison of the air temperature at low level among the four models 4. CONCLUSION This study illustrates the use of a three-pronged approach to investigate the natural ventilation performance of an upgraded hawker center in Singapore. By carrying out a field study to measure the thermal comfort conditions of the hawker center, the areas with poor thermal comfort conditions were identified. Wind tunnel tests were then carried out with the use of a scaled model to determine the natural ventilation performance of the hawker center. Through a series of tests it was concluded that the areas with poor thermal comfort conditions were mainly due to the poor natural ventilation. The provision of more ceiling and wall fans in these areas does not seem to alleviate the problems as they tend to spread the warm air around rather than removing the warm air. The study also explores the impact of four variations increasing the width of center passageway, openings in the roof, removal of the end walls and increasing the roof height) on the natural ventilation. The results show that the most effective variation is increasing the roof height, followed by increasing the width of the center passageway. These two variations drastically improve the cross-ventilation in the hawker center. The study also shows that by having openings in the roof, it may have detrimental effects on the natural ventilation as wind tends to channel upwards into the openings rather than flowing through the seating areas. CFD simulations were carried out with the use of four different scaled models to determine the air velocity and temperature performance of the hawker center. The study explores the impact of the three types of fans (wall fan, ceiling fan and exhaust fan) on the air velocity and temperature performance. The results show that the most effective way of enhancing ventilation is installing the exhaust fan. It can greatly improve the stack ventilation in the hawker center. The study also shows that the installation of the fans should help the hot air flow outside in addition to increasing the air velocity. REFERENCES Figure : The air velocity vectors with and without fans in x-z plane: (a) no fan; (b) wall fan; (c) ceiling fan; (d) exhaust fan (a) (c) (b) (d) [] Ministry of Environment, Annual report (998). [] Rao KR, Ho HC. Thermal comfort studies in hawker centers in Singapore. Building Environment (978), 3: 6-6. [3] ASHRAE. Chapter 8- Physiological principles and thermal comfort. In Handbook of Fundamentals. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Airconditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta. (00). [4] Singapore Meteorological Services (SMS). Annual report on Singapore Weather 995. Singapore; SMS Office. (995).
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