Use of Phase Change Materials for Thermal Comfort and Electrical Energy Peak Load Shifting
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1 U21 International Conference on Energy Technologies and Policy 8th to 10th September 2008, Birmingham, UK Use of Phase Change Materials for Thermal Comfort and Electrical Energy Peak Load Shifting Mohammed Farid and Nahidh Mecaial Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering The University of Auckland, New Zealand
2 Why Thermal Storage? How heat is lost from buildings? What is thermal energy storage (TES)? Why do we want to increase thermal mass of buildings? How can thermal energy be stored? Why do we use phase change materials (PCMs)? How do we use PCM s (micro and macro encapsulation)? Demonstrating the benefits of using PCM.
3 Percentages of heat losses from ordinary homes (EECA, 2004)
4 Thermal Mass of Buildings Do we improve buildings insulation only or do we need to increase their thermal mass? How can we increase thermal mass of buildings without going back to the heavy construction used in the old days?
5 Heavy thermal mass construction: Egyptian mud-brick rooms, 3200 years old
6 Phase Change Materials What are the phase change materials (PCMs)? How do they work? How can they be encapsulated in building materials?
7 Phase Change (melting and solidification at almost constant temperature)
8 Energy density of thermal storage materials (Rubitherm, 2003)
9 THERMAL MASS OF PCM-GYPSUM WALLBOARDS (PCMGW) Heat Stored (kj/kg) Gypsum Wallboard Gypsum Wallboard with 24% RT20 by weight Temperature ( o C)
10 FULL-SCALE SIZE TESTING FACILITY Schematic plan view of outdoor full-scale test-rooms EQ PVC Spouting 1200 Alum inium fr am e d window 760 x 2000 standard external door in timber frame Door 760 Electricity Board 94mm Insulation EQ 800 * All constructions comply with NZS 3604 Timber stand North Timber steps ** All measurments in mm North Elevation South elevation is similar but with no window East Elevation West elevation is similar but with no door
11 CONSTRUCTION North-facing test rooms
12 THEORETICAL ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION Internal Side Insulation Siding External Side Table 1: Thermo-physical properties of the mass types Sp. Heat Conduct. Density Thick. Mass (W/m K) (kg/m 3 (kj/kg ) (m) K) Board Insulation Wood Siding Table 2: Thermo-physical properties of the PCM Gypsum Boards Wood Conductivity (W/mK) Density (kg/m 3 ) Sp. Heat (kj/kgk) Latent Heat (kj/kg) Melting Point ( o C) Thickness (m)
13 USE OF THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE IN SUMMER FOR THERMAL COMFORT
14 Solar radiation and wind speed measurements (1 st to 8 th of January 2007) Solar Radiation Wind Speed 10 8 Solar Radiation (W/sq m) Wind Speed (m/s) :0012:0000:0012:0000:0012:0000:0012:0000:0012:0000:0012:0000:0012:0000:00 Time
15 Ambient and indoor room s temperatures (1 st to 8 th of Jan., 2007) Temp. of GW Hut Temp. of PCMGW Hut Ambient Temp. 26 Temperature (oc) :00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 Time PCM room T PCM ORD room T ORD o C 5.47 o C o C 9.63 o C
16 Simulated inside room s temperature (1 st to 8 th of January 2007) Simulation GW Room Temp. Simulation GWPCM Room Temp. Ambient Temp. 26 Temperature (oc) :00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 12:00 Time PCM room T PCM ORD room T ORD o C 4.82 o C o C o C
17 USE OF THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE IN WINTER FOR CAPTURING SOLAR RADIATION AND SHIFTING HEATING LOAD
18 Measurements of Solar radiation and wind speed (18 th to 21 th of July, 2006) Solar Radiation Wind Speed 10 8 Solar Radiation (W/sq m) Wind Speed (m/s) :0006:00 12:00 18:0000:00 06:0012:00 18:00 00:0006:00 12:00 18:0000:00 06:00 Time
19 Measured Indoor rooms temperatures (18 th to 21 th of July, 2006) Temperature (oc) Temp. of GW room Temp. of PCMGW room Ambient Temperature 0 00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00 06:00 Time
20 Simulated indoor rooms temperatures (18 th to 21 th of July, 2006) Temperature (oc) :0006:00 12:0018:0000:0006:00 12:0018:0000:0006:00 12:0018:0000:0006:00 12:0018:0000:00 Time Temp. of GWPCM Room Temp. of GW board Room Ambient Temperature
21 Solar radiation and wind speed measurements (17 th to 22 th July, 2008) Heating systems (1am to 7 am), (850W) Solar Radiation Wind Speed 8 Solar Radiation (W/sq m) Wind Speed (m/s) :00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 Time
22 Measurement s of rooms indoor temperatures (17 th to 22 rd July, 2008) Heating systems (1 am to 7 am), (850W) Ambient Temp. Temp. of GW Room Tem. of GWPCM Room 26 Temperature (oc) :00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 Time
23 Measurements of solar radiation and wind speed (29 th July to 3 th August, 2008) Heating systems (5 pm to 11 pm), (850W) Solar Radiation Wind Speed 8 Solar Radiation (W/sq m) Wind Speed (m/s) :00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 Time
24 Measurements of indoor rooms temperatures (29 th July to 3 th August, 2008) Heating systems (5pm to 11 pm), (850W) Ambient Temp. Temp. of GW Room Tem. of GWPCM Room 26 Temperature (oc) :00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 Time
25 Effect of PCM quantity used Simulation of indoor air temperatures m 0.01m No PCM 26 Temperature (oc) Time (h)
26 Effect of PCM melting point Simulation of indoor air temperatures C Melting Point 22 Melting Point 18 Melting Point No PCM 26 Temperature (oc) Time (h)
27 NUMBER OF SUMMER DAYS BENIFITING FROM THE USE OF PCM % full utilization 55.5% partial utilization 5.5% no utilization Temperature ( o C) Time (hour)
28 CONCLUSIONS 1. Building materials impregnated with PCM efficiently smooth- out daily temperature fluctuations. It leads to a healthier interior spaces with more pleasant temperatures. 2. Use of PCM-building materials can reduce heating or cooling cost by using strategies of peak load shifting. 3. PCM-building materials could be installed with the same technique and equipments used for conventional building materials. 4. Micro or macro encapsulation of the PCM is necessary to prevent PCM leakage
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