3. Flee & Dog: Fleas feed upon the blood of a dog or other animals. The fleas can cause itching and can pass disease.

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1 Interpreting Ecological Relationships: predation, parasitism, commensalism, mutualism, & competition Directions: For each of the following identify the correct ecological relationship. (Note: Each term above will be used twice!) 1. Bee & Flower: Bees gather nectar from flowers for their own use. In moving from flower to flower, bees help these plants reproduce by carrying their pollen. 2. Orchid & Tree: Orchids live in trees. They are self sufficient and do not rely on the tree for any nutrients. The orchids are protected by the tree s size and the trees are not affected. 3. Flee & Dog: Fleas feed upon the blood of a dog or other animals. The fleas can cause itching and can pass disease. 4. Lion & Zebra: 5. Lion & Hyena: 6. Remora Shark & Whale: Remora sharks attach themselves to larger sea creatures. They get a free ride and feed on the scraps and feces that the larger fish leave behind. The Remora does not harm or help the animal to which it is attached. 7. Aphid & Sugar Ant: The aphids produce a sugary substance the ants feed upon. The aphids are protected from predators by the ants. 8. Mistletoe & Tree: Mistletoe grows on trees and uses them for all their nutrient needs. The attached mistletoe will typically cause the death of the tree. 9. Buffalo & Buffalo: 10. Snake & Frog:

2 Analyzing the flow of matter & energy through trophic levels using: food chains, food webs, & ecological pyramids Directions: Answer the questions below. 1. What is the difference between matter & energy? 2. What is the difference between how matter flows and energy flows in the ecosystem? Give an example of each. 3. Where does most of Earth s energy come from? Diagram below shows an energy pyramid: 4. Which of these organisms receive the highest percent of energy from the sun? 5. How much energy will be available for the secondary consumers in this pyramid? 6. How much energy is passed on to each trophic level? 7. How much energy is lost at each trophic level? 8. What happens to the energy that is lost?

3 9. In the first trophic level in a woodland ecosystem, there are three oak trees. The beech trees produce Joules of energy every day which provide energy for aphids, a type of insect. Aphids are then eaten by sparrows, which are then eaten by hawks. Draw an energy pyramid indicated the amount of energy found at each level and label the producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, and tertiary consumer. Energy Pyramid 10. In the marine food chain to the right, who eats who? 11. How does the above answer relate to the flow of energy in this marine food chain? 12. In the marine food web, who has the largest amount of biomass? Justify your answer. 13. In the marine food web, who has the smallest amount of biomass? Justify your answer.

4 Simple Terrestrial Food Web 14. Complete the above food web by adding the end of the arrow to show proper flow of energy. 15. Draw an ecological pyramid to properly represent the above food web. Label each trophic level 1, 2, 3, & At which trophic level is the highest amount of energy stored? 17. Give two examples of what could happen if the rabbit population were infected with a deadly disease. Ecological Pyramid 18. What is the importance of the fungi (decomposer) in the above food chain? 19. Would the grasshopper be considered a carnivore, herbivore, omnivore, or decomposer? Why?

5 Describing the flow of matter through: the carbon & nitrogen cycles. Directions: Answer the questions below. 1. Why is carbon especially important to living systems? 2. Carbon dioxide is found as a gas in the. 3. Carbon dioxide is found dissolved in. 4. Carbon dioxide is found as coal, and petroleum in. 5. How are microorganisms involved in the cycling of carbon? The Carbon Cycle 6. What are three ways in which carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere? 7. How is carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere? 8. In what process do plants use carbon dioxide to make carbohydrates? 9. Explain 2 consequences for disrupting the carbon cycle. Nitrogen Cycle 10. How is nitrogen used in plants and animals? 11. What are four forms of nitrogen found in the biosphere and where are they found? 12. What kind of bacteria lives in the soil? 13. What is nitrogen fixation and how does this help with the cycling of nitrogen? 14. Explain 2 consequences of disrupting the nitrogen cycle.

6 Investigating & analyzing ecological populations: & how they respond to external factors. Directions: Answer the questions below. Graph the following data tables. You must calculate the current population by calculating the difference between the birth rate and death rate. Be sure and label both the axis and increments used. Sample 1- The growth of rabbits in Australia. Generations Birth rate # of rabbits Death rate # of rabbits Current Population , Graph 4. What type of growth is being shown by this graph, exponential or logistical? 5. What has to happen to the death and birthrate to increase the current population? 6. What are two things that could decrease the current population?

7 Sample 2- The population growth of fruit flies in the jungle. Day Birth rate(thousands) Death rate(thousands) Current Population Graph 7. What type of growth is being shown by this graph, exponential or logistical? 8. Describe what would happen to the population if a new species of gecko, that ate the flies, moved into the habitat? 9. Does there appear to be a carrying capacity in this population? What is it? 10. If the food supply was increased for the fly population how would this affect the carrying capacity? 10. What type of relationship, between the moose and wolf, is shown in the graph above? 11. What is the limiting factor in the wolf population (what keeps it in check)?

8 Describing Ecological Succession and Populations (Read to Succeed!) Succession, a series of environmental changes, occurs in all ecosystems. The stages that any ecosystem passes through are predictable. In this activity, you will place the stages of succession of two ecosystems into sequence. You will also describe changes in an ecosystem and make predictions about changes that will take place from one stage of succession to another. The evolution of a body of water from a lake to a marsh can last for thousands of years. The process cannot be observed directly. Instead, a method can be used to find the links of stages and then to put them together to develop a complete story. The water level of Lake Michigan was once 18 meters higher than it is today. As the water level fell, land was exposed. Many small lakes or ponds were left behind where there were depressions in the land. Below are illustrations and descriptions of four ponds as they exist today. Use the illustrations and descriptions to answer the questions about the ponds. Pond A: Cattails, bulrushes, and water lilies grow in the pond. These plants have their roots in the bottom of the pond, but they can reach above the surface of the water. This pond is an ideal habitat for the animals that must climb to the surface for oxygen. Aquatic insect larvae are abundant. They serve as food for larger insects, which in turn are food for crayfish, frogs, salamanders, and turtles. Pond B: Plankton growth is rich enough to support animals that entered when the pond was connected to the lake. Fish make nests on the sandy bottom. Mussels crawl over the bottom. Pond C: Decayed bodies of plants and animals form a layer of humus over the bottom of the pond. Chara, branching green algae, covers the humus. Fish that build nests on the bare bottom have been replaced by those that lay their eggs on the Chara. Pond D: The pond is so filled with vegetation that there are no longer any large areas of open water. Instead, the pond is filled with grasses. The water dries up during the summer months.

9 Questions: 1. Write the letters of the ponds in order from the youngest, to the oldest. 2. Black bass and bluegill make their nests on sandy bottoms. In which pond would you find them? 3. What will happen to the black bass and blue gill as the floor of the ponds fills with organic debris? 4. Golden shiner and mud minnows lay their eggs on Chara (green algae). In which pond would you find them? 5. Some amphibians and crayfish can withstand periods of dryness by burying themselves in mud. In which pond(s) would they survive? 6. Dragonfly nymphs spend their early stages clinging to submerged plants. Then, they climb to the surface, shed their skins, and fly away as dragonflies. Which pond is best suited for dragonflies? 7. In which pond will gill breathing snails be replaced by lung breathing snails that climb to the surface to breathe? 8. Some mussels require a sandy bottom in order to maintain an upright position. In which pond will they die out?

10 9. The climax community in the area of Arkansas is an oak-hickory forest. After the ponds are filled in, the area will undergo another series of stages of succession. This is illustrated below. Briefly explain what is happening in the diagram. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 10. In Hawaii, new lava flows from the island s volcano both creates and destroys land. This leaves new bare rock, void of soil and vegetation. Eventually over time, a new forest will establish itself. What role would lichens play in this scenario of primary succession and why are they considered at times to be a pioneer species? (Bio Textbook: p.540)

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