7.2 Communities & Ecosystems. Living Organisms Interacting with Each Other & Their Environments

Transcription

1 7.2 Communities & Ecosystems Living Organisms Interacting with Each Other & Their Environments

2

3 Main Ideas 1. Organisms both cooperate and compete to increase the chances of survival and reproduction. 2. The Earth system has experienced disruptions by natural and artificial causes. Long-term survival depends on this ability to regain its balance. 3. The Earth s biosphere is broken down into nine diverse biomes; these are the habitats for terrestrial animals. These are dominated by access to water, energy, and nutrients.

4 Word Wall: Self Assess (+ -) Biodiversity Food chain/food web Carnivore Fungus Commensalism Habitat Community Herbivore Consumer Host Cooperation Mutualism Decomposer Niche Ecology Nutrient Ecosystem Omnivore Energy pyramid Parasite Environment Succession

5 How does a farm represent a community?

6 1A. Communities include all the organisms living in a certain place. A community is defined by its: a) Diversity: variety of species present b) major forms of vegetation (dominant plants and their structure) c) stability of the community d) trophic structure: feeding relationships: producers and consumers. 36.1

7 1A. Communities include all the organisms living in a certain place. A community is defined by its: a) diversity (variety of species present) b) major forms of vegetation: mix of dominant plants and their structure c) stability of the community d) trophic structure: feeding relationships: producers and consumers. 36.1

8 OUTBACK January Average = 105 F Max=118 F

9 Eucalyptus globulus Labill (Bluegum Eucalyptus)

10

11 But Bluegum, why did you do it?

12 1A. Communities include all the organisms living in a certain place. A community is defined by its: a) diversity (variety of species present) b) major forms of vegetation (dominant plants and their structure) c) stability of the community: more species are better d) trophic structure: feeding relationships: producers and consumers. 36.1

13 1A. Communities include all the organisms living in a certain place. A community is defined by its: a) diversity (variety of species present) b) major forms of vegetation (dominant plants and their structure) c) stability of the community d) trophic structure: the mix of producers and consumers. 36.1

14 Clumped distribution in the intertidal zone.

15 This battle line shows how each barnacle species fights for space on the rocks. If Chthamalus is removed, Balanus will migrate upward to replace it; vice versa.

16 1A. Communities include all the organisms living in a certain place. Competition among and between species is based on the quest for limited resources. Mates Food Living space

17 1B. Competition may occur when a shared resource is limited. A population s niche is its role (job) in the community. producers, consumers, and recyclers. If two populations have very similar niches, they may not be able to coexist; one wins, the other loses. 36.2

18 1C. Predation leads to diverse adaptations in both predator and prey. In some cases, as predators adapt to prey, natural selection also shapes the prey s defenses. This process of reciprocal adaptation is known as co-evolution. 36.3

19

20 In what way(s) does the sea otter fit into this food web?

21 1D. Predation can maintain diversity in a community. Keystone species control the strongest competitors among its prey species. A keystone predator may maintain community diversity; that is more species can stay in place with this stabilizing force. 36.4

22 Why did the kelp forest get decimated?

23 SYM-BIO-SIS (together-life-condition)

24 1E. Symbiotic relationships help to build communities. Three types of symbiotic relationships exist in communities. In commensalism (+/o), one species benefits while the other is unaffected. In mutualism (+/+), both partners benefit. In parasitism (+/-), a parasite obtains resources at the expense of its host. 36.5

25 Interactions Symbiosis Predation & Herbivory Competition Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism

26 What is the relationship between the wasp and the caterpillar?

27 What is the relationship between the plant and the caterpillar?

28 Art of the Sentence #1 of 3 Please summarize Main Idea #1 in your own words citing evidence from your notes from today. Use two or more Quizlet terms in your response.

29 Main Ideas 1. Organisms both cooperate and compete to increase the chances of survival and reproduction. 2. The Earth system has experienced disruptions by natural and artificial causes. Long-term survival depends on this ability to regain its balance. 3. The Earth s biosphere is broken down into nine diverse biomes; these are the habitats for terrestrial animals. These are dominated by access to water, energy, and nutrients.

30

31

32 What influences (+ & -) the phytoplankton (algae) population?

33

34 Photo credit:

35 2A. Ecosystem alteration can upset chemical cycling. Experimental studies show that drastic alterations can greatly impact an ecosystem: Eutrophication Excess nutrients reduces oxygen in bodies of water Soil Erosion Removal of vegetation increase the runoff of water and loss of soil nutrients. Acid rain, global warming Excess emission of pollutants

36

37

38 2B. Disturbance is a key feature in most communities. Fire is a key abiotic factor in many ecosystems. Grasslands are dependent on fire. 36.7

39 2B. Disturbance is a key feature in most communities. Grasslands may become forests. Grassland is now stable and will Not change.

40 2B. Disturbance is a key feature in most communities. Human activities and other disturbances, such as fire, disturb (change) a community; creating dis-equilibrium. 36.6

41 2C. Succession is the natural birth, growth and development of ecosystems. Pioneer Stage

42 2C. Succession is the natural birth, growth and development of ecosystems. Primary succession ( pioneer stage): the gradual colonization of barren rocks by living organisms. Secondary succession ( climax stage): occurs after a disturbance has removed the vegetation but left the soil intact.

43 2C. Succession is the natural birth, growth and development of ecosystems. Climax Stage

44 2C. Succession is the natural birth, growth and development of ecosystems. Primary succession ( pioneer stage): the gradual colonization of barren rocks by living organisms. Secondary succession ( climax stage): occurs after a disturbance has removed the vegetation but left the soil intact.

45 2C. Succession is the natural birth, growth and development of ecosystems. Pioneer Stage Climax Stage

46 Art of the Sentence #2 of 3 Please summarize Main Idea #1 in your own words citing evidence from your notes from today. Use two or more Quizlet terms in your response.

47 Main Ideas 1. Organisms both cooperate and compete to increase the chances of survival and reproduction. 2. The Earth system has experienced disruptions by natural and artificial causes. Long-term survival depends on this ability to regain its balance. 3. The Earth s biosphere is broken down into nine diverse biomes; these are the habitats for terrestrial animals. These are dominated by access to water, energy, and nutrients.

48 PIP # 1

49 3A. Two key processes of ecosystems: Energy flows & chemicals cycle Energy flows within food chains from the sun, through plants, animals and decomposers; most is lost as heat (calories). Chemicals are recycled among air, water, soil and organisms. 36.8

50 3B. Trophic structure determines how ecosystems work. A food chain is the stepwise flow of energy and nutrients according to its niche: Plants: producers Herbivores: primary consumers Carnivores: secondary & tertiary consumers Decomposers 36.9

51 PIP # 2

52 3B. Trophic structure determines how ecosystems work. The break down of organic compounds to inorganic compounds is called decomposition. Detritivores or Recyclers (animal scavengers, fungi and bacteria) decompose waste matter and recycle nutrients.

53

54 3C. Energy supply limits the length of food chains. Productivity: what organisms do with the energy they get. Secondary Primary

55 3C. Energy supply limits the length of food chains. Fate of energy from food: cellular respiration heat Only 10% or less of the energy in food is stored at each trophic level and available to the next level. This stepwise energy loss limits most food chain to three to five levels.

56 3D. An energy pyramid explains why meat is a luxury for humans. Because the energy pyramid tapers so sharply, a field of corn or other plant crops can support many more vegetarians than meat-eaters. 1% 10% 10% 100% 100% 36.12

57 3E. Chemicals are recycled between organic matter and abiotic reservoirs. Ecosystems require daily infusions of energy, but nutrients are recycled between organisms and their [abiotic] environments

58

59 3F. Water moves through the biosphere in a global cycle. Heat from the sun drives the global water cycle of : Precipitation Evaporation Transpiration 36.14

60

61 3G.The natural carbon cycle depends on photosynthesis and respiration. Carbon is taken from the atmosphere by photosynthesis, used to make organic (carbon based) molecules. Carbon is returned to the atmosphere by cellular respiration (sugar converted to carbon dioxide, water, and energy)

62

63

64 Art of the Sentence #2 of 3 Please summarize Main Idea #1 in your own words citing evidence from your notes from today. Use two or more Quizlet terms in your response.

65 Lecture Summary Please summarize Main Ideas #1-3 according to the guidelines for Cornell Notes.

66 Main Ideas: Recap 1. Organisms both cooperate and compete to increase the chances of survival and reproduction. 2. The Earth system has experienced disruptions by natural and artificial causes. Long-term survival depends on this ability to regain its balance. 3. The Earth s biosphere is broken down into nine diverse biomes; these are the habitats for terrestrial animals. These are dominated by access to water, energy, and nutrients.

67 Works Cited Biology: Concepts and Connections. Third Edition (2000) Campbell, et al., Benjamin Cummings San Francisco