Water Scarcity, Human Security and Democratization: Aspects and Impacts of the Syrian Crisis

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1 Water Scarcity, Human Security and Democratization: Aspects and Impacts of the Syrian Crisis April 19 th, 2016 Nebraska Innovation Campus Conference Center - Lincoln, Nebraska Clive Lipchin. PhD, director, Center for Transboundary Water Management clivearava@gmail.com

2 Water Stress Worldwide: Source: UNEP, GRID, Arendal, Oswald

3 Chronic Water Scarcity in the ME In accordance with physical water supply, availability is: Israel => 300 m 3 /cap/yr Jordan => 230 m3/cap/yr Palestinians => 95 m3/cap/yr Lebanon => 1,300 m3/cap/yr For Reference: <1000 m 3 /cap/yr - Water Poor <500 m 3 /cap/yr - Chronic Water Scarcity U.S. => 9,710 m 3 /cap/yr

4 Past and Present Projected Israeli Water Supply (in MCM) Western Galilee Aquifer Kinneret basins Coastal Aquifer Last 17 years 1170 mcm Last 2 years 820 mcm Total annual natural production (recharge) Eastern basins 130 Mountain Aquifer Negev Basin 70 Arava Basin Source: Israel Water Authority, 2008

5 Simulated and expected droughts Drought magnitude, intensity and duration are expected to increase in the future Standard precipitation index LAST drought period NEXT drought period Data by Israel Water Authority 5

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7 Water demand and supply Source and use Desalinized Hm 3 /year Natural Domestic & industrial use 500 Recycled

8 Water Consumption in Israel - According to Sectors Industry 128 MCM 7% Potable 459 MCM Domestic 691 MCM 36% Recycled and Brackish 635 MCM Agriculture 1,094 MCM %57 Total: 1,913 MCM (including 19 MCM for Nature) Supply to PA - 53 MCM (West Bank) + 5MCM (Gaza Strip); Supply to Jordan - 51 MCM Data by Israel Water Authority 8

9 Reclaimed Water Corporate Million M אחרים עפ י נתוני רשות המים אחרים שאר מפעלי מקורות שפד #ן צריכת קולחים במלמק 460 Desalination

10 Agricultural Efficiency Ongoing since 1960s (when major water expansion ended) Enables agricultural industry to grow without growing water

11 Wastewater Treatment and Effluent Reclamation Reclamation of 85% of all the effluent in Israel, for agriculture and irrigation. Ability to supply all the agricultural needs Quarterly wastewater treatment by means of ultra filtration and desalination 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% The Goal: 90% Reclamation 80% 70% 80% 70% 80% 70% 80% 70% 80% 70% 80% 70% 85% 60% 60% 60% 60% 60% 60% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 40% 40% 40% 40% 40% 40% 30% 20% 30% 20% 30% 20% 30% 20% 30% 20% 35% 30% 20% 10% 0% 11% 10% 0% 14% 10% 0% 14% 10% 0% 15% 10% 0% 10% 0% Spain China USA Australia Singapore Israel *GWI Municipal Water Reuse Markets 2010 Data by Israel Water Authority 11

12 Goods and Bads of Effluent Good More Water and reduced pressure on natural resources Less sewage impact on rivers and sea Cheaper than desalination Nutrients for agriculture Reduce standing water (mosquitoes etc) Centralised treatment helps public health (Health ministry bans reuse in home) Constant supply for agriculture Bads Possible microorganisms contaminant in crops? Hormonal impact on consumers? Unknown residual impact on soil/groundwater (dillution) Evaporation from storage lagoons

13 Desalination in Israel In 2014, desalination plants will supply 70% of the domestic water consumption (130) Hadera Production since 12/ (150) Sorek Production 2013 (60) Palmachim Production since 09/07 (100) Ashdod Ashkelon (110) Production 2012 Production since 12/05

14 Israel: the world s largest desalination plants Ashkelon: 100m3 per year Soreq: 150m3 per year Image: IDE technologies

15 Desalination Environmental Impacts Good Reduce stress on natural supplies Enable environmental flows/rehabilitation On Demand (reduce storage and evaporation) Bads Energy intensive (fossil fuels) Brine disposal at sea Impact on coastal environment and prime real estate

16 מלמק 1, Water Supply by Source Corporate In the National Network תכנון Desalination כנרת 16 קניית מים מותפלים אגן החוף ירת "ן

17 The Water Revolution in Israel New Era North Coastal aquifers Kinneret Main water resources (Mm 3 ) in the national system in 2010 Main water resources (Mm 3 ) in the national system in Seawater desalination Mountain aquifers In 2015, 65%-80% of the drinking water in Israel will be supplied by desalination Data by Israel Water Authority 17

18 Shared Aquifer and Water Courses The main water resources of Jordan, which are shared with neighboring countries, are:- - The Basalt shared aquifer with the Syrian Arab Republic - The Ram (Disi) aquifer shared with Saudi Arabia - Yarmouk River and Jordan River shared with the Syrian Arab Republic, Palestine and Israel.

19 Surface Water Runoff Water flow within Jordanian wadis originates from three different sources : - Direct runoff from heavy rainfall. - Baseflow leaking out from groundwater bodies - Discharge from waste water treatment plants Direct runoff in Jordan lasts typically from less than an hour to very few days. This makes the management of this type of resource difficult. Dams are required

20 Water Demand and Resources Water Demand MCM % MCM % MCM % MCM % MCM % Municipal Industrial Touristic Irrigation Total Water Demand Water Resources MCM % MCM % MCM % MCM % MCM % Groundwater Safe Yield Artificial Recharge Developed Surface Water Treated Waste Water for Irrigation Treated Waste Water for industry Peace Treaty with Israel Non-Renewable Groundwater (Disi+Hisban) Non-Renewable Groundwater (Jafr+ Lajjoun) Desalinated Water (Abu Zeigan+Aqaba) Red-Dead Canal Total Water Supply Water Deficit Source: Jordan Water Strategy

21 Mean annual renewable groundwater budget

22 Example for long term decline in groundwater level Example for long term increase of salinity

23 Syrian Refugees in Jordan

24 Zaatari Refugee Camp

25 Zaatari Refugee Camp

26 Water demand increased by 300%

27 Disi Project Nonrenewable ground water Transboundary A 340km pipeline ( mm) 107 MCM per year Good for years

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30 : formal coordination and cooperation within the Peace Treaty Article 6: With the view to achieving a comprehensive and lasting settlement of all the water problems between them:.. desal-gc - RA DK DS Oct 15

31 Annex II article 1.Allocation 3. Additional Water: Israel and Jordan shall cooperate in finding sources for the supply to Jordan of an additional quantity of (50) MCM/year of water of drinkable standards Sharon ordered to supply 25 mcm/y desal-gc - RA DK DS Oct 15

32 Jordan-Israel Peace Treaty Adassiya Dam

33 Jordan-Israel Peace Treaty To Jordan To Israel

34 Jordan-Israel Peace Treaty

35 Jordan-Israel Peace Treaty Deganya Pumps Carrier Pipes

36 Zofar Passing Wadi Araba/Emek Ha'arava

37 Dead Sea Shrinking

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40 Jordan and Israel sign RSDS Water Project (Phase I) Bilateral Agreement February 26,

41 Binational agreement to supply fresh water to Jordan and Israel, and to transport water to the drying Dead Sea signed on 26/2/15.

42 Decentralized WWT - Opportunities Environmental Protection Groundwater Public Health Exposure to sewage Services Irrigation Food security Autonomy Community development Cost savings Income generation Cost effective Cheaper than centralized Political No need for formal political settlement

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