Hydrology of Prairie Droughts

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1 C:\ Program Files\ CRHM\ QdroD QdfoD Qdro Qdfo SunMax global CalcHr Qsi calcsun hru_t hru_rh hru_ea hru_u hru_p hru_rain hru_snow hru_sunact hru_tmax hru_tmin hru_tmean hru_eamean hru_umean hru_rhmean hru_newsnow t rh ea u p ppt Qsi Qso Qn Qln SunAct form_data obs net_rain net_snow intcp_evap intcp net cum_net netall Rn Qg Qs net_rn hru_evap transp_on evap pb Hydrology of Prairie Droughts John Pomeroy, Kevin Shook, Robert Armstrong, Xing Fang Centre for Hydrology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Sask

2 Non-Contributing Areas to Streamflow a Prairie Characteristic

3 Prairie Runoff Generation Snow Redistribution to Channels Spring melt and runoff Dry non-contributing areas to runoff Water Storage in Wetlands

4 Prairie Hydrology don t blink Smith Creek, Saskatchewan Drainage area ~ 450 km2 20 Average Streamflow m 3 per second High Year Low Year 5 No baseflow from groundwater 0 27-Dec 27-Nov 28-Oct 28-Sep 29-Aug 30-Jul 30-Jun 31-May 01-May 01-Apr 02-Mar 31-Jan 01-Jan Hydrological drought can be viewed as the absence of prairie runoff

5 How to Characterise Hydrological Drought for the Prairies? River flows well gauged, but subject to abstraction, storage and do not reflect Prairie hydrological conditions. Streamflow network is more representative but is sparse, and subject to changes in land cover, drainage, abstraction, storage. Possibility to model prairie runoff generation and related hydrological processes to create a hydrological drought surface for the Prairies using atmospheric driving data and standardised representation of prairie snow redistribution, melt, runoff generation, infiltration and evaporation.

6 Modelling Objectives To Demonstrate the: differences between drought and non-drought hydrological cycling at the surface, evolution of hydrological drought over time and space Calculated Variables as ratios to non-drought conditions (~Hydrological Drought Indices~) Snow Accumulation peak SWE, duration Spring Freshet total, duration Actual ET/PET growing season Soil Moisture spring, summer, fall

7 Cold Regions Hydrological Model (CRHM) Drought Hydrology Simulation Model the effects of local drought meteorology on the hydrology of representative, first-order prairie basins Create virtual basin models, which can be applied to gridded datasets Allows comparison of basin response to drought conditions and to normal variability Requires high resolution driving data over entire Prairies for normal ( ), non-drought ( ) and drought periods ( ) Snowfall, rainfall Incoming shortwave radiation, cloudiness or sunshine hours Temperature Humidity Wind speed

8 CRHM Prairie Hydrological Model Configuration Flow Chart in Cold Regions Hydrological Modelling Platform (CRHM)

9 CRHM Tests Creighton Tributary of Bad Lake -well drained semi-arid St. Denis National Wildlife Area -internally drained subhumid

10 Case Study at St. Denis, Sask (2007) Granger-Gray Evaporation module Validation site Eddy Cov E = 2.2 mm Granger-Gray E 2.6 mm Udir mm Aug 5, 2007

11 CRHM Hydrological Response Unit (HRU) Configurations Well Drained Fallow Stubble Grass Coulee Stream Creighton Tributary, Bad Lake Poorly Drained Cultivated Wooded Wetland Pond Wetland 109, St Denis

12 CRHM Hydrological Indices Snowcover duration Peak SWE Spring discharge (freshet) amount Streamflow duration AET/PET Soil moisture

13 NARR Variables All data required by CRHM are available from NARR Quality of data varies Incoming shortwave radiation is computed from modelled clouds, NOT from surface measurements

14 Edmonton

15 Winnipeg

16 Why not use all NARR data? Winnipeg daily Tmin & Tmax,

17 NARR precipitation Calgary Unusable

18 CRHM Simulations Winnipeg and Calgary to date HRUs grass, cropped Evaluation of changes to drought hydrology

19 Calgary SWE on GRASS

20 Winnipeg 2002 Drought SWE

21 Winnipeg Maximum SWE

22 Winnipeg Spring Freshet

23 CRHM Gridded First Order Hydrology Runs to be completed for all Prairies this winter, then mapped Will provide first physically based, comprehensive estimation of runoff generation from first order basins in Prairies Useful information for DEWS (soil moisture, SWE, peak flow, duration of flow, wetland level, actual evaporation) Actual evapotranspiration maps using remote sensing, splined observations, reanalysis Provides a hydrological modelling tool for general prairie application Advises application of VIC and MESH to Prairie environment

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Characterising the Surface Hydrology of Prairie Droughts QdroD QdfoD Qdro Qdfo SunMax C:\ Program Files\ CRHM\ Qsi global CalcHr t rh ea u p ppt Qso Qn Qln SunAct form_data calcsun Qsi hru_t hru_rh hru_ea hru_u hru_p hru_rain hru_snow hru_sunact hru_tmax hru_tmin

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