Renewable Energy Resources

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1 SDG Conference 2018 UiB, 8-9 February Knowledge for our common future Sustainable energy for all - SDG7 - leave no one behind Energy Resources Finn Gunnar Nielsen Professor Geophysical Institute

2 Outline The need for energy Primary energy versus energy services Key new renewables: Wind and solar Resources available Storage SIDE 2

3 The world needs more energy! True? World primary energy consumption by energy source quadrillion Btu History Petroleum and other liquids Coal Natural gas s Nuclear Outlook Reference case Outlook About 78 % of present primary energy comes from fossil fuels. 3 Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2017, Dr. Ian Mead, CSIS IEO2017, September 2017

4 The concern: Greenhouse gas emissions SIDE 4 Global Greenhouse gas emissions by sector (2012). Source: World Resource Institute, 2015

5 Drivers in CO 2 emissions Population million people GDP Energy CO2 CO2 em Npeople * * * N GDP Energy Non-OECD OECD people Per capita gross domestic product thousand dollars Energy intensity thousand Btu per dollar Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2017, Dr. Ian Mead, CSIS IEO2017, September 2017 More renewables and higher efficiency Carbon intensity metric tons CO2 per billion Btu

6 Forecast by DNV-GL (2017) SIDE 6

7 Affordable and clean energy Important to several SDGs Improve availability Increase efficiency More renewables Improve standard of living without increased use of energy SIDE 7

8 More energy to improve standard of living? True? UN Human development index (HDI) combines Life expectancy at birth Education level Economy GDP per capita in purchasing power parity (PPP) Jessica G.Lambert et al. Energy, EROI and quality of life. Energy Policy 64(2014) PAGE 8

9 From coal to light - incandescent light bulb Coal Primary Electricity Secondary 35 Electricity Consumed Light 3 Light Useful service Losses: Heat Transmission Heat Idle etc SIDE 9

10 From renewables to light - incandescent light bulb Electricity Hydro / Wind / Solar Electricity Consumed Light 3 Light Useful service Losses: Transmission Heat Idle etc SIDE 10

11 From renewables to light - LED light bulb Electricity Hydro / Wind / Solar 7 Electricity Consumed 1 6 Light 3 3 Light Useful service 2 1 Losses: Transmission Heat Idle etc SIDE 11

12 Energy services versus primary energy Coal Incandescent light Same service! 100 s Incandescent light 35 s LED light 7 SIDE 12

13 Example: Private cars in Norway Transport work (service): ~6TWh/year Crude oil (36) refining & distribution(6) Heat loss in engine (24) Transport work (6) Transport work (6) Hydro /Sun / Wind (8) Transmission losses (1) Heat losses (1) PAGE 13

14 s and electrification Wind and Solar in front SIDE 14

15 A silent revolution? SIDE 15 Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2017

16 s are competing with fossil fuels in power generation wrt costs SIDE 16

17 SIDE 17

18 SIDE 18

19 SIDE 19

20 The potential exceeds the demands. 20 Source: IPCC SRREN, 2011

21 s: The intermittency challenge Power needed except from solar FGN SIDE 21 Source: Denholm et al. Overgeneration from Solar Energy in California: A Field Guide to the Duck Chart National Energy Laboratory, 2015

22 Storage technologies and applications 22 Source: NREL, 2016: Energy Storage. Possibilities for Expanding Electric Grid Flexibility

23 Some additional renewable energy resources Hydropower Biofuel Geothermal Chief Joseph Dam Source: Gretar Ívarsson, Tidal Waves Ocean thermal gradient Salinity gradients 23 F.G. Nielsen, Marine Energy

24 Conclusions The world needs more energy services not primary energy s, electrification and improved efficiency may reduce the total primary energy need, despite increased population and higher standard of living. Wind and solar are vast resources and complementary. Wind and solar can compete with fossil based power generation. Geothermal, tidal etc are site specific resources. Waves, salinity and ocean thermal gradient are not mature technologies. Energy storage is a key to increased penetration of renewables. SIDE 24

25

26 Statements by Karl Eirik Schøtt-Pedersen, Norsk Olje og gass, Norway s export of gas to EU corresponds to 10 times the Norwegian el-energy production 2. We need wind turbines to replace the energy in this gas SIDE 26

27 SIDE 27

28 Statement 1. Gas export 2016: 115*10 9 Sm 3 /year (Norsk Petroleum) Gross energy content: 39.3 MJ/ Sm 3 or 10.9 kwh/sm 3 115*10 9 Sm 3 corresponds to 1254 TWh Norwegian el. Energy pr year about 140 TWh I.e. Statement 1 approx. correct but misleading? SIDE 28

29 Use of gas versus electricity Gas for generating el. power (efficiency maximum 50-60%) I.e. 1kWh electrical energy per 2kWh gas energy. Gas for house heating (efficiency approx. 80%?) s* for el. power (efficiency 100%) s* for house heating (efficiency approx. 300%?) I.e. 3kWh heat per 1kWh electricity *) Hydro, wind, solar PV SIDE 29

30 «Primary energy factor» 2.5 I.e. need 502TWh el. energy to replace 1254TWh gas. Wind energy: Capacity factor 0.4 Need 143 GW installed power. Next generation wind turbines: 10MW, i.e. need units. I.e. statement 2 is very misleading! 143 GW unrealistic? Present rate in EU: 15 GW/year Present rate in China: GW/year SIDE 30

31 Conclusions Statements are not necessarily wrong, but misleading Even if energy is conserved it has various quality (2. law of thermodynamics) s deliver high quality energy SIDE 31

32

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