Hydro power in Madison County

Transcription

1 Hydro power in Madison County Phil Hofmeyer, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Renewable Energy Instructor, Renewable Energy Training Center Morrisville State College

2 Overview What is a hydro system? Estimating output Resource potential (map) Pilot projects» Oxbow Falls» Limestone Creek 2

3 Simple DC micro hydro system 3/30/

4 3/30/

5 Net Metering 5

6 Grid-tied micro hydro system Turbine Fused AC Disconnect Diversion load Main panel Diversion Controller Inverter kwh meter 6

7 Estimating output Power (Watts) Head (feet) x Flow (GPM) 10 Unlike wind and solar, if sized appropriately, hydro power can be nearly constant production 7

8 Estimating output An example Stream with 100 feet of head and 100 GPM of available flow Power = (100*100) / 10 Power = 1000 Watts (or 1 kw)» Relatively low power Since constant production, multiply power by time to determine energy 1 kw x 8760 hours/yr = 8760 kwh/yr» (minus a bit for downtime and maintenance) 8

9 Is that good? To get equivalent energy from a wind system would require ~15 wind turbine rotor (or larger) or ~7 kw solar array in central NY (>550 ft 2 of collector area, or more) 9

10 Madison County Resource 10

11 Flow: A-E (high to low) Head: 1-5 (high to low) 3/30/

12 Oxbow Falls

13 Oxbow Falls 750 GPM on 160 feet of head 300 W, 2600 kwh/yr

14 Oxbow Falls 14

15 Oxbow Falls 15

16 Oxbow Falls 16

17 Oxbow Falls 17

18 Why bother? 18

19 Flow: A-E (high to low) Head: 1-5 (high to low) 3/30/

20 Limestone Creek 20

21 Limestone Creek 21

22 Limestone Creek 22

23 Some other examples 12 GPM on 40 feet of head 48 W, 420 kwh/yr 70 GPM on 55 feet of head 385 W, 3300 kwh/yr 120 GPM on 40 feet of head 480 W, 4000 kwh/yr 23

24 Some other examples 250 GPM on 120 feet of head 3 kw, 25,000 kwh/yr 450 GPM on 90 feet of head 3.5 kw, 30,000 kwh/yr 24

25 25

26 Permitting Permitting for water courses can be another hoop to jump through DEC Environmental Resource Mapper Joint Application Form Army Corps of Engineers for larger projects Great so far! 26

27 Questions? 27

28 Wood Gasification Heavily pirated from Dr. Ben Ballard (with his permission) 28

29 Overview Wood Gasification Waste (coproduct) and dedicated energy crops Bioenergy Pathways Process of Gasification Types of gasifiers Residential and commercial applications 29

30 Photo by: B. Ballard Fuel Sources: Low-grade wood 30

31 Photo by: B. Ballard Dedicated Bioenergy Crops 31

32 Feedstock for gasifiers: wood pellets Photos by: B. Ballard

33 Paths of Biomass Energy Conversion SUNLIGHT Carbon Dioxide Water Land (nutrients) ( existing ) PRODUCT FARMING Agriculture Silviculture Industry ( potential ) ENERGY FARMING Aquaculture Silviculture Agriculture Farm & Forest Products Municipal Wastes Residues BIOMASS FOR ENERGY maceration drying & densification ( Wet ) BIO-CONVERSION PROCESSES ( Dry ) THERMAL CONVERSION PROCESSES Extraction Chemicals Digestion Methane Fermentation & Distillation Ethanol Gasification air Low-BTU gas Pyrolysis Oil gas charcoal Liquefaction Oil gas Combustion Heat systems oxygen Med-BTU gas methanol ammonia Needs: CHEMICALS GASEOUS FUELS LIQUID FUELS SOLID FUELS ELECTRICITY HEAT (adapted from: Solar Energy Research Institute, 1988) 33

34 What is gasification? A process that converts carbon-based materials (e.g., wood/biomass) into combustible gases (principally CO + H 2 ) by reacting the solid fuel at high temperatures with a controlled (limited) amount of oxygen 34

35 What is gasification? Gasification is a thermo-chemical process, where heat converts solid biomass into flammable gases. HEAT! HEAT (input) HEAT HEAT, no air Image by Jessica Hobbs/ALL Power Labs 35

36 Gasification Applications Gasification is not a newly discovered process It was used in the past for heating, lighting, and vehicle fuel. During World War II over a million gasifiers were in use! 36

37 Wood Gasification: Mobile Apps. Vehicle modifications included:» 1) a gas generator, 2) a gas reservoir, and 3) carburetor modifications and additional plumbing to convey, filter, and meter the gas into the engine (Source: National Academy of Sciences, 1983 ) 37

38 Construction of a Simplified Wood Gas Generator for Fueling Internal Combustion Engines in a Petroleum Emergency (book produced by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2 nd ed. 1989) Gasification 3

39 Gasification Experimenter s Kit (GEK) Experimentation at a larger scale than a woodgas camp stove Stationary or mobile applications Open source engineering project developed and maintained by ALL Power Labs in Berkeley, CA 39

40 Hofmeyer Household Heating

41 Hofmeyer Household Heating 41

42 Large-scale Gasification Applications Large gasifiers can be fixed bed (updraft or downdraft) or fluidized bed gasifiers. Large quantity of biomass (e.g., MSW): a 100 ton/day unit would yield about 20 MW thermal or about 4 MW el (at 20% efficiency of thermal to electric) BUT, expensive: $10M ($2000+/kW capacity) 42

43 Biomass Gasification Conversion efficiencies vary depending on the size and sophistication of the system used» Some applications are 80-90% (e.g., wood gasification boilers) Large-scale gasification plants have not proven financial viability (yet) BUT, the potential exists for production of:» Electricity from biomass-fed gas turbines» Liquid fuels (methanol, Fischer Tropsch diesel) as petroleum substitutes» Hydrogen or other fuel for fuel cells 43

44 Questions 3/30/