OVER VIEW OF LNG SHIPPING SAFETY CONCERNS. Presentation by Capt. B.B. Sinha. The Shipping Corporation of India Ltd New Delhi.

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1 OVER VIEW OF LNG SHIPPING SAFETY CONCERNS Presentation by Capt. B.B. Sinha. The Shipping Corporation of India Ltd New Delhi.

2 Journey of LNG 1917: First commercial natural gas liquefaction plant in West Virginia (USA). 1959: Methane Pioneer,world s s first LNG carrier, carried LNG from Lake Charles, LA to Canvey Island (UK). 1964: British gas council imports LNG from Algeria, making UK the first importer & Algeria the first exporter of LNG. 1984: Japan purchases 72% of world LNG, 75% of which is used for Power generation, dropped to 48% in This underlines the importance of shipping in transportation of LNG as bulk of LNG is transported across the globe by ships.

3 Gas Field LNG Storage Tank Consuming Region Liquefaction Facility LNG Tanker (floating pipe) LNG Storage Tank Vaporizers to Pipeline System LNG Value Chain

4 MOSS TYPE LNG CARRIERS

5 MEMBRANE TYPE LNG CARRIERS

6 SCI s s Foray in LNG Shipping SCI along with consortium partners presently owning & managing 3 LNG carriers of which first two LNG carriers SS. Disha & SS. Raahi (1,35,335 cubic capacity) powered by Steam and the 3 rd, M.t. Aseem (1,55,000 cubic capacity) powered by Diesel Fuel Dual Electric (DFDE) propulsion. All three LNG carriers engaged in carriage of LNG from Qatar to India.

7 Composition of LNG

8 PROPERTIES OF METHANE

9 PROPERTIES OF LNG In liquid state LNG is 1/600 th of the volume of its equivalent gaseous state at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature. Carriage on ships at/near Boiling point. Boil-off off occurs due to evaporation: - 1 st generation vessels: 0.25% per day - 2 nd generation vessels: 0.15% per day. This Boil-off off gas powers propulsion plant (Steam plant/ DFDE). Almost nil solubility in water. High dielectric power, low conduction of electricity. Non toxic, colourless & odourless. Methane is Green house gas and a pollutant.

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11 Inherent Risks associated with LNG Contact with LNG will damage living tissue due to its low temp. Most metals lose their ductility at these temperatures (-160( deg C). Causes brittle fracture of many materials.

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14 Hazards of LNG Sea Transportation Escape of LNG to atmosphere and water. Fire & Explosion. Injury to personnel. Damage to ship structure due to low temperature.

15 Possible Causes Breach of cargo containment system due to Collision/Grounding. Formation of vapour cloud leading to Fire/Explosion.

16 Collision & Grounding Resistance of Gas tankers to collision & Grounding: Table indicating indicative speeds & displacement for collision impacts on a stationary LNG carrier of 1,35,000 cbm (at an angle between 30 deg either side of the perpendicular to the hull of struck tanker) that are estimated to penetrate the tanker s s outer hull. In practice, collisions rarely at 30 deg. Angle. Displacement of Impacting ship in Tonnes. Critical Impact Speed - Knots 93, , ,

17 Risk Assessment/ Mitigation Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) - Risk is defined as the product of frequency (F) of an event and the consequences (C) arising from it i.e., R = F x C. In LNG shipping, frequency of incidents are less but consequences are severe. In over 4 decades of LNG shipping, only 3 casualties, one of collision and two of grounding. Safety standards achieved by following: - Double Hull Construction as recommended by IG Code. - Use of special material for construction of cargo tanks (Invar - 36%Ni steel) and other ship structure including Hull, piping etc. - Two layers of insulation spaces (Primary & Secondary Barrier spaces) to inhibit the boil-off off of the gas and segregation of LNG from ship structure.

18 Cargo Tank Containment

19 Cargo Tank Layout Cargo Containment System:

20 Risk Assessment/ Mitigation Gas release to atmosphere: When LNG released, a cloud will develop that will travel horizontally from the spill point under the influence of prevailing winds developing a shape similar to an elongated plume. In practice, the geometry and behaviour of a gas cloud will be determined by the volume & rate at which LNG released. LNG is flammable between 5.3% and 14% by volume in air. Outside these limits the gas/air mixture is either too lean or too rich to support combustion.

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24 Auto ignition Temperature of Liquid Fuels Fuel Auto ignition Temperature deg. F LNG (primarily methane): 1004 (595 `C) LPG: Ethanol: 793 Methanol: 867 Gasoline: 495 Diesel Fuel Approx.: 600

25 Risk Assessment/ Mitigation Consequences of Ingress from the sea: Rapid mixing of LNG at cryogenic temperatures with much warmer sea water will induce the phenomenon of Rapid Phase Transition (RPT),, a forced rate of phase transition much more rapid than that would release into atmosphere. RPT will induce rapid release of energy in the form of violent non n flammable shocks that may threaten integrity of adjacent structure. re. When spilled on water: Boiling of LNG is rapid, due to the large temperature difference between the product and water. LNG continuously spreads over an indefinitely large area; results s in magnification of evaporation rate. No coherent ice formation on the water.

26 Prevention is better than cure Better ship design & Robust construction Meticulous planning & Execution of Shipboard operations Training of personnel.

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30 Thank You

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