Australia s emissions and the economy
|
|
- Angel Perry
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 8 Australia s emissions and the economy Key points Australia s per capita emissions are the highest in the OECD and among the highest in the world. Emissions from the energy sector would be the main component of an expected quadrupling of emissions by 2100 without mitigation. Australia s energy sector emissions grew rapidly between 1990 and Total emissions growth was moderated, and kept more or less within our Kyoto Protocol target, by a one-off reduction in land clearing. Relative to other OECD countries, Australia s high emissions are mainly the result of the high emissions intensity of energy use, rather than the high energy intensity of the economy or exceptionally high per capita income. The high emissions intensity of Australian energy use is mainly the result of our reliance on coal for electricity. This is a recent phenomenon: Australian and OECD average emissions intensity of primary energy supply were similar in Australia s emissions profile and international comparisons In 2005 Australia s net greenhouse gas emissions were million tonnes (Mt) carbon dioxide equivalent using Kyoto Protocol accounting provisions (DCC 2008b). From 1990 to 2005, Australia s net emissions increased by 2.2 per cent (11.9 Mt). Australia s per capita greenhouse gas emissions are the highest of any OECD country and are among the highest in the world. Only five countries in the world rank higher Bahrain, Bolivia, Brunei, Kuwait and Qatar. In 2005 Australia s per capita emissions were nearly twice the OECD average and more than four times the world average (see Figure 8.1).
2 Garnaut Climate Change Review DRAFT REPORT For the calculation of per capita greenhouse gas emissions the data sources used for Australia were the Department of Climate Change and the Australian Bureau of Statistics, while the International Energy Agency was the source used for all other countries. Other data sources, such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and relevant national agencies, exist for emissions by developed countries and there is some variation between emissions estimates by those sources. However, regardless of which of these sources is used for other countries emissions, Australia s per capita greenhouse gas emissions in 2005 were higher than any other developed country. Figure 8.1 Per capita greenhouse gas emissions, 2005 Australia OECD average World average Source: DCC (2008b) and IEA (2007a). Tonnes CO 2 -e per person per year Recent growth trends in Australia s emissions The growth in Australia s emissions profile is dominated by the energy sector. This comprises stationary energy electricity generation, fuel combustion in the manufacturing industries, metals production, plastics production and construction and fugitive emissions and transport. Emissions for 1990 and 2005 by sector are illustrated in Figure 8.2. Energy sector emissions increased by about 36 per cent between 1990 and Over the same period there was a substantial reduction (about 74 per cent) in emissions from land use, land-use change and forestry. Growth in emissions from the stationary energy sector is largely driven by the structure and growth of Australia s economy, the fuel mix used in electricity generation and energy efficiency improvements across the economy. 200
3 Australia s emissions and the economy 8 Emissions arising from land use change depend on the area of forest cover removal, the method of forest conversion and land development. The estimates rely on the amount of carbon sequestered in biomass and soils, which differ by vegetation type, geography and climate (DCC 2008a). Reductions in the rate of forest cover removal since 1990 have been the main source of the reduction in emissions from land use, land-use change and forestry. Figure 8.2 Greenhouse gas emissions trends by sector, 1990 and emissions 2005 emissions Mt CO 2 -e Stationary energy Transport Fugitive emissions Land use, land-use change and forestry Industrial processes Agriculture Waste Source: DCC (2008b) Future emissions growth in Australia The Review s reference case for emissions growth in the absence of new policy measures and the assumptions underlying the modelling are outlined in Chapter 9. Figure 8.3 presents expectations of future emissions under the Garnaut Treasury reference case. In the absence of measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, energy-related emissions are expected to grow rapidly and to increase their share of the total. 201
4 Garnaut Climate Change Review DRAFT REPORT Figure 8.3 Greenhouse gas emissions by sector: 1990, 2005 and reference case scenarios 1990 emissions 2005 emissions 2020 Reference case 2050 Reference case 2075 Reference case 2100 Reference case Mt CO 2 -e Stationary energy Transport Fugitive emissions Land use, land-use change and forestry Industrial processes Agriculture Note: 1990 and 2005 emissions are from the most recent National Greenhouse Gas Inventory (DCC 2008b) projections are from MMRF. Waste Why are Australia s per capita emissions so high? As discussed in Chapter 4, energy-associated per capita emissions are the product of per capita GDP, the energy intensity (of the economy) and emissions intensity (of energy) as follows: CO 2 per capita = GDP per capita Energy/GDP CO 2 /Energy The energy intensity of an economy is a measure of the amount of energy used per unit of economic activity generated. The emissions intensity of energy is a measure of the amount of greenhouse gases emitted per unit of energy used. Figure 8.4 illustrates the factors underlying a country s per capita emissions and compares those factors for Australia, the OECD average and the world average. 202
5 Australia s emissions and the economy 8 Figure 8.4 Factors underlying per capita emissions, 2005 GDP per person ( 000s US$) Energy intensity of economy (PJ/US$ billion) Emissions intensity of primary energy supply (t CO 2 /TJ) Australia OECD average World average Note: All financial values are measured in 2000 US$ and using purchasing power parities. Source: IEA (2007a) Australian incomes relative to those in other developed countries Australia s GDP per capita in 2005 was about 16 per cent higher than the OECD average (IEA 2007a). While this contributes to Australia s comparatively high per capita greenhouse gas emissions, it does not explain why they are more than twice the OECD average. In 2005, Australia s per capita GDP in purchasing power parity terms was the 11th highest among OECD countries and moderately above the OECD average Relative energy intensity of Australia s economy Australia s economy is the 8th most energy-intensive among OECD countries. It is about 5 per cent less energy-intensive than the world average and about 8 per cent more energy-intensive than the OECD average. The aggregate energy intensity of the Australian economy, measured as total primary energy consumption per dollar of GDP, remained broadly stable over the 1970s and 1980s, and then fell by an average of 1.1 per cent a year during the 1990s (Syed et al. 2007). The energy intensity of Australia s economy does not account for our extremely high per capita greenhouse gas emissions. 203
6 Garnaut Climate Change Review DRAFT REPORT Why is the emissions intensity of Australia s energy so high? The emissions intensity of Australia s primary energy supply is the second highest among OECD countries. It is more than 30 per cent higher than both the OECD average and the world average. There are only five countries in the world with a more emissions-intensive energy supply than Australia s Bosnia Herzegovina, the Democratic People s Republic of Korea, Estonia, Mongolia and Poland. Fossil fuels play a dominant role in Australia s primary energy consumption. More than 40 per cent of Australia s total primary energy supply is derived from coal. This is a much higher proportion than in other OECD, countries as illustrated in Figure 8.5. Figure 8.5 Fuel mix contributing to total primary energy supply, 2005 Australia OECD total Per cent Coal Petroleum Gas Nuclear Hydro Geothermal and solar Combustible renewables Source: IEA (2007b). The exceptional emissions intensity of Australia s primary energy supply has only emerged in recent decades. Figure 8.6 shows the trends in Australia s average emissions intensity of primary energy supply compared with those in all OECD countries. The Australian average was similar to that of the OECD in The increasing emissions intensity of Australia s primary energy supply is largely due to its increasing reliance on coal for electricity generation, at a time when other developed countries have shifted significantly to lower-emissions sources. In , 54 per cent of electricity was generated from black coal, 21 per cent from brown coal, 15 per cent from natural gas, 2 per cent from oil and 8 per cent from renewable sources (Syed et al. 2007). 204
7 Australia s emissions and the economy 8 Figure 8.6 Trends in average emissions intensity of primary energy supply, Australia and OECD t CO 2 /TJ OECD average Australia Source: IEA (2007a). The carbon dioxide emissions intensity of Australia s electricity supply is the highest of any OECD country. It is 98 per cent higher than the OECD average, and 74 per cent higher than the world average (see Figure 8.7). There are only eight countries in the world with an electricity system that is more emissions intensive than Australia s. Those countries are Bahrain, Botswana, Cambodia, Cuba, India, Kazakhstan, Libya and Malta. Figure 8.7 Carbon dioxide emissions intensity of electricity production, 2005 Australia OECD average World average Source: IEA (2007a) kg CO 2 per MWh 205
8 Garnaut Climate Change Review DRAFT REPORT 8.2 Emissions profiles of Australian industries How do Australian industries contribute to emissions and GDP? Figure 8.8 shows the total emissions attributable to each Australian industry, derived by summing a sector s direct emissions, and the indirect emissions attributable to its electricity consumption. Emissions due to transport have not been attributed in the same way, due to lack of suitable data. Industry accounts for about 81 per cent of Australia s total emissions, with the remainder attributable to the residential sector. The agriculture, mining and manufacturing industries are responsible for large amounts of greenhouse gas emissions relative to their shares of GDP. Figure 8.8 Emissions attributable to Australian industry by sector, 2005 Agriculture, forestry & fishing 28.5% Manufacture 28.4% Mining 13.2% Commercial services 12.7% Transport & storage 9% Electricity, gas, water 7.9% Construction 0.4% Source: DCC (2008b) and ABS (2007) Which industries would be most affected by a price on emissions? The industries whose competitiveness is most likely to be adversely affected by a price on greenhouse gas emissions are those that are exposed to international trade and that have either a high degree of energy intensity or a high level of direct greenhouse gas emissions. The Review sought to identify the industries that might be most affected in their international competitiveness by a price on greenhouse gas emissions. It considered data on trade, direct emissions, and indirect emissions attributable 206
9 Australia s emissions and the economy 8 to electricity consumption. It used the 1993 Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC) as a guide to industry classification, and selected the following industries for analysis of the impact of an emissions price on international competitiveness: agriculture, forestry and fishing petroleum refining coal mining petroleum and coal products oil and gas extraction (including basic chemicals liquefied natural gas (LNG) production) mining (non-energy) food, beverage and tobacco manufacturing textile, clothing, footwear and leather manufacturing pulp, paper and printing cement, lime, plaster and concrete iron and steel basic non-ferrous metals and products (including aluminium production) machinery and equipment manufacturing. The contribution of the sum of direct and indirect emissions for each of these sectors as a proportion of total emissions attributable to industry is illustrated in Figure 8.9. Figure 8.9 Emissions attributable to Australian industry by sector, with the manufacturing sector disaggregated, 2005 Agriculture, forestry & fishing 28.5% Coal mining 5.5% Oil and gas extraction 3.2% Other mining 4.4% Food, beverage & tobacco 1.8% Textile, clothing, footware & leather 0.3% Wood, paper & printing 1.3% Basic chemicals 2.8% Iron & steel 4.1% Non-ferrous metals & products 11.9% Refining, petroleum & coal products 1.7% Cement, lime, plaster & concrete 2.1% Machinery & equipment manufacture 0.6% Other manufacturing 1.8% Electricity, gas & water 7.9% Construction 0.4% Commercial services 12.7% Transport & storage 9% Source: DCC (2008b) and ABS (2007). 207
10 Garnaut Climate Change Review DRAFT REPORT In order to gauge the potential impact of a price being placed on greenhouse gas emissions, the Review examined the effect of a permit price of $10, $20 and $40 per tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent and assumed that there would be 100 per cent pass-through of emissions costs to energy consumers. The latter is a worst-case scenario from the perspective of energy-intensive industries. If this were too high, the analysis that follows would overestimate the additional costs accruing to energy-intensive industries as a result of a price being placed on emissions. Figure 8.10 Ratio of permit costs to value of production, 2005 Agriculture, forestry & fishing Coal mining Oil & gas extraction (includes LNG) Mining, non-energy Food, beverage & tobacco Textile, clothing, footwear & leather manufacturing $40 permit cost/value of production $20 permit cost/value of production $10 permit cost/value of production Wood, paper & printing Petroleum refining, petroleum & coal products Basic chemicals Cement, lime, plaster & concrete Iron & steel Basic non-ferrous metals & products (includes aluminium) Machinery & equipment manufacturing Per cent 208 Note: Production is largely composed of sales revenue but also includes production for own final use. Source: DCC (2008b) and ABS (2008).
11 Australia s emissions and the economy 8 Under these assumptions, the ratio of greenhouse gas emission costs to the value of production is as shown in Figure Recent and projected increases in commodity prices reduce the ratio of greenhouse gas emissions to the value of production. For example, it is estimated that projected increases in the price for coal exports would reduce the ratio of greenhouse gas emissions costs to the value of production for coal mining to about one-third of that shown in figure Does our industry emissions profile make Australia a special case? For the OECD countries considered those that are parties to Annex I of the UNFCCC the direct and indirect emissions attributable to the agriculture, mining and manufacturing industries were calculated. These are the main emissions-intensive, trade-exposed sectors. The emissions attributable to the mining and manufacturing industries accounted for about 34 per cent of Australia s total greenhouse gas emissions in This was the 10th highest proportion among the OECD countries considered. Across all the OECD countries considered, 33 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions were attributable to the mining and manufacturing industries (see Figure 8.12). The emissions attributable to the agriculture, mining and manufacturing industries accounted for about 57 per cent of Australia s total greenhouse gas emissions in This was the fourth-highest proportion among the OECD countries, exceeded only by Finland, Norway and New Zealand. Across all the OECD countries, 42 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions were attributable to the agriculture, mining and manufacturing industries. The proportion of total emissions attributable to Australia s mining and manufacturing industries (34 per cent) is not high in comparison with the average of the OECD countries considered (33 per cent). If the emissions intensity of Australia s electricity supply were reduced to the OECD average then only about 28 per cent of Australia s total emissions in 2005 would have been attributable to the mining and manufacturing industries. The unusually large agricultural sector contributes exceptionally to Australia s unusually high emissions profile. The mining and manufacturing sectors contribute high levels of emissions per capita, but no more than the rest of the economy It is the emissions intensity of Australian energy supply, more than the industrial structure of the Australian economy that accounts for the fact that the proportion of emissions attributable to the mining and manufacturing industries in Australia is above average in comparison with that of other OECD countries. 209
12 Garnaut Climate Change Review DRAFT REPORT Figure 8.11 Direct and indirect emissions attributable to the mining and manufacturing industries as a proportion of total emissions, Australia and OECD, 2005 Australia Australia assuming OECD average for emissions intensity of electricity OECD average Source: IEA (2007b) and UNFCCC (2008) Per cent Conclusions There are several sectors of Australian industry that are responsible for a relatively large amount of greenhouse gases in proportion to their contribution to economic activity notably aluminium production and some forms of agriculture. Overall, the contribution of the agriculture sector to Australia s greenhouse gas emissions is relatively large. The contribution by our manufacturing and mining sectors is in line with the OECD average. Australia s high level of per capita greenhouse gas emissions is not due to an unusually large contribution by energy-intensive industries nor is it due to relatively inefficient use of energy. It is largely due to the emissions intensity of energy used in Australia and our reliance upon coal as a source of primary energy. 210
13 Australia s emissions and the economy 8 References ABARE (Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics) 2007, Australian Commodity Statistics 2007, ABARE, Canberra. ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) 2007, Australian System of National Accounts, , cat. no , ABS, Canberra. ABS 2008, Australian National Accounts: Input Output, (preliminary), cat. no , ABS, Canberra. DCC (Department of Climate Change) 2008a, Tracking to the Kyoto Target 2007: Australia s greenhouse emissions trends 1990 to and 2020, DCC, Canberra. DCC 2008b, Australia s National Greenhouse Accounts, Australian Greenhouse Emissions Information System, < accessed 26 May IEA (International Energy Agency) 2007a, CO 2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion: , IEA, Paris. IEA 2007b, Energy Balances of OECD Countries: , IEA, Paris. Syed, A., Wilson, R., Sandu, S., Cuevas-Cubria, C. & Clarke, A. 2007, Australian Energy: National and state projections to , ABARE research report 07.24, prepared for the Australian Government Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism, Canberra. UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) 2008, 2008 Annex I Inventory Submissions, < accessed 5 June
14
Chapter 2. Case Studies: Keeping CO 2 emission at 2013 level by March 2018
Chapter 2 Case Studies: Keeping CO 2 emission at 2013 level by 2040 March 2018 This chapter should be cited as ERIA (2018), Case Studies: Keeping CO2 emission at 2013 level by 2040, in Kimura, S. and H.
More informationThe Use of Energy Statistics to Estimate CO 2 emissions
The Use of Energy Statistics to Estimate CO 2 emissions IEA Energy Statistics Training Paris, 4-8 March, 2013 Aidan Kennedy CO 2 Emissions Outline International context IPCC methodologies (notes on bunkers
More informationEmissions Intensity CHAPTER 5 EMISSIONS INTENSITY 25
C H A P T E R 5 Emissions Intensity Emissions intensity is the level of GHG emissions per unit of economic activity, usually measured at the national level as GDP. 25 Intensities vary widely across countries,
More informationclimate analysis indicators tool [CAIT]
climate analysis indicators tool [CAIT] http://cait.wri.org MAJOR MILESTONES in the International Climate Change Regime 2007. COP 13 adopts the Bali Action Plan, establishing a two-track process for negotiating
More informationEconomic outcomes of the Kyoto Protocol for New Zealand
Economic outcomes of the Kyoto Protocol for New Zealand ABARE Report to New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry November 2001 1 Introduction In August 2001 the New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture
More informationTABLE 2. SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION, ENERGY SECTORS AND END USE. 13 energy products 60 flows divided into 6 sections Supply Transformation Sector
TABLE 2. SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION, ENERGY SECTORS AND END USE Country Geothermal Solar Thermal Industrial Waste (nonrenewable) MUNICIPAL WASTE SOLID BIOMASS BIOGAS LIQUID BIOFUELS Renewable Non-Renewable
More informationThe Use of Energy Statistics to Estimate CO 2 emissions
Karen Tréanton Head of Energy Balances, Prices and Emissions Energy Data Centre The Use of Energy Statistics to Estimate CO 2 emissions Joint Rosstat IEA Energy Statistics Workshop Moscow, 14-16 February
More informationGHG emissions per capita. (tco 2. e/cap) Source: UNDP, data for 2015 Source: World Bank Indicators, data for 2012 Source: IEA, data for 2013
CLIMATE ACTION TRACKER BROWN TO GREEN: G2 TRANSITION TO A LOW CARBON ECONOMY Saudi Arabia This country profile assesses Saudi Arabia s past, present and indications of future performance towards a low-carbon
More informationHighlights. Figure 1. World Marketed Energy Consumption by Region,
Highlights World energy consumption is projected to increase by 71 percent from 3 to 23. Fossil fuels continue to supply much of the energy used worldwide, and oil remains the dominant energy source. In
More informationAustralia s energy future in Asia
Australia s energy future in Asia Submission to the Australian Government White Paper on Australia in the Asian Century Frank Jotzo 1 4 March 2012 Summary Energy demand, supply and trade in Asia are set
More informationThe Use of Energy Statistics to Estimate CO 2 Emissions
The Use of Energy Statistics to Estimate CO 2 Emissions Joint IEA, ESCWA and RCREEE National Workshop on Energy Statistics Cairo, Egypt 27 April 01 May 2014 Outline International context Trends in emissions
More informationGHG emissions per capita. (tco 2. e/cap) Source: UNDP, data for 2015 Source: World Bank Indicators, data for 2012 Source: IEA, data for 2013
CLIMATE ACTION TRACKER BROWN TO GREEN: G2 TRANSITION TO A LOW CARBON ECONOMY Australia This country profile assesses Australia s past, present and indications of future performance towards a low-carbon
More informationThe Cost of a Cleaner Future
The Cost of a Cleaner Future Dr. Daniel F. Muzyka President and Chief Executive Officer The Conference Board of Canada June 26, 2017 conferenceboard.ca 2 Targets vs. Scenarios Paris: limit rise in global
More informationAs discussed in Chapters 2 and 5, energy fuel
C H A P T E R 8 Energy and Fuels As discussed in Chapters 2 and 5, energy fuel mix and energy intensity (shaped by economic structure and energy efficiencies) play important roles as drivers of CO 2 emissions.
More informationAustralian Bureau of Statistics
Australian Bureau of Statistics Mobile Survey Participant Information About Us Careers Contact Us Home First Visit? Statistics Services Census Topics @ a Glance Methods & Classifications News & Media Education
More informationTrends and drivers in greenhouse gas emissions in the EU in 2016
EU greenhouse gas inventory Trends and drivers in greenhouse gas emissions in the EU in 2016 Official data for 2016 confirm the longterm reduction in greenhouse gas emissions across Europe. This briefing
More informationGlobal Gas Projections: the Potential Impact of Unconventional Gas Production in the United States and China. Dr Brian Fisher
Global Gas Projections: the Potential Impact of Unconventional Gas Production in the United States and China Dr Brian Fisher Presenta.on to the Global Energy Technology Strategy Program Workshop: Abundant
More informationIMPACTS OF POLICY OPTIONS RELATING TO EMISSIONS ABATEMENT IN THE STATIONARY ENERGY SECTOR
IMPACTS OF POLICY OPTIONS RELATING TO EMISSIONS ABATEMENT IN THE STATIONARY ENERGY SECTOR Report by the Centre of Policy Studies to support a project undertaken by the Allen Consulting Group for the COAG
More informationRenewables Questionnaire
Renewables Questionnaire IEA Energy Statistics Training Pierre Boileau International Energy Agency OVERVIEW Renewable energy in the world Renewables energy sources IEA annual questionnaire On-going challenges
More informationGreenhouse Gas Emissions Per Capita of Annex B Parties to the Kyoto Protocol
THE AUSTRALIA INSTITUTE Background Paper No. 19 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Per Capita of Annex B Parties to the Kyoto Protocol Hal Turton and Clive Hamilton Submission to Senate Environment References Committee
More informationTrends and drivers in greenhouse gas emissions in the EU in 2016
EU greenhouse gas inventory Trends and drivers in greenhouse gas emissions in the EU in 2016 Briefing: Published 31 May 2018 Official data for 2016 confirm the long-term reduction in greenhouse gas emissions
More informationEvaluations on the emission reduction efforts of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) in cost metrics
November 15, 2016 Japan Pavilion COP22, Marrakech Evaluations on the emission reduction efforts of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) in cost metrics Keigo Akimoto Systems Analysis Group Research
More informationEnergy and CO 2 emissions in the OECD
Energy and CO 2 emissions in the OECD With detailed supply and demand data up to 216 1 1. Data based on the 218 preliminary editions of the IEA World energy balances, and the IEA CO 2 Emissions from fuel
More informationGHG emissions per capita. Share of global GHG emissions. e/cap) (tco
CLIMATE ACTION TRACKER BROWN TO GREEN: G2 TRANSITION TO A LOW CARBON ECONOMY India This country profile assesses India s past, present and indications of future performance towards a low-carbon economy
More informationRenewables & Waste Questionnaire
Renewables & Waste Questionnaire UNECE/EUROSTAT/EEA Workshop on Waste Statistics Geneva, 11 13 April Yasmina Abdelilah International Energy Agency OVERVIEW Renewable and waste energy in the world Classification
More informationTABLE OF CONTENTS TECHNOLOGY AND THE GLOBAL ENERGY ECONOMY TO 2050
TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1 TECHNOLOGY AND THE GLOBAL ENERGY ECONOMY TO 2050 PART 2 THE TRANSITION FROM PRESENT TO 2050 Introduction 1 1 2 Overview of scenarios Electricity generation Electricity networks
More informationOverview of Global GHG Emissions 2.1
Overview of Global GHG Emissions 2.1 Global GHG 1 Emissions by Gas in 21 Based on the 2 year global warming potential 2 Based on the 1 year global warming potential 2 Fluorinated gases PFCs + HFCs + SF6
More informationClimate and Atmosphere-- Bosnia and Herzegovina
Climate and Atmosphere-- Bosnia and Herzegovina Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions {a} Bosnia and Herzegovin a Europe World (in thousand metric tons of CO2) Total Emissions, 1998 4,686 5,828,746 24,215,376
More informationKYOTO PROTOCOL FOR NEW ZEALAND
Economic implications of the KYOTO PROTOCOL FOR NEW ZEALAND sensitivity analysis abare e Report 03.11 Economic implications of the KYOTO PROTOCOL FOR NEW ZEALAND abare e Report 03.11 sensitivity analysis
More informationECONOMY, ENERGY, AND EMISSIONS
1 ECONOMY, ENERGY, AND EMISSIONS Singapore is among the most affluent and urbanized countries in the world. It rapidly grew from a colonial island-entrepôt with a gross domestic product (GDP) per capita
More informationGHG emissions per capita. (tco 2. e/cap) Source: UNDP, data for 2015 Source: World Bank Indicators, data for 2012 Source: IEA, data for 2013
CLIMATE ACTION TRACKER BROWN TO GREEN: G2 TRANSITION TO A LOW CARBON ECONOMY USA This country profile assesses the USA s past, present and indications of future performance towards a low-carbon economy
More informationGHG emissions per capita. (tco 2. e/cap) Source: UNDP, data for 2015 Source: World Bank Indicators, data for 2012 Source: IEA, data for 2013
BROWN TO GREEN: G2 TRANSITION TO A LOW CARBON ECONOMY CLIMATE ACTION TRACKER France This country profile assesses France s past, present and indications of future performance towards a low-carbon economy
More informationVisiting fellow in the School of Economics at the University of Queensland
Prospects for meeting Australia s 2020 carbon targets, given a growing economy, uncertain international carbon markets and the slow emergence of renewable energies Colin Hunt Visiting fellow in the School
More informationRenewable Energy and APEC Energy Statistics
Renewable Energy and APEC Energy Statistics 42 nd Meeting APEC Expert Group on New and Renewable Energy Technology Moana Surfrider, A Westin Resort & Spa Honolulu, U.S.A 8 th April 2014 Takuya MIYAGAWA
More informationPakistan & Iran. Country Information:
Country Information: Iran's economy is marked by statist policies, inefficiencies, and reliance on oil and gas exports, but Iran also possesses significant agricultural, industrial, and service sectors.
More informationGHG emissions per capita. (tco 2. e/cap) Source: UNDP, data for 2015 Source: World Bank Indicators, data for 2012 Source: IEA, data for 2013
CLIMATE ACTION TRACKER BROWN TO GREEN: G2 TRANSITION TO A LOW CARBON ECONOMY Turkey This country profile assesses Turkey s past, present and indications of future performance towards a low-carbon economy
More informationPublished by the Stationery Office, Dublin, Ireland. To be purchased from the:
Published by the Stationery Office, Dublin, Ireland. To be purchased from the: Central Statistics Office, Information Section, Skehard Road, Cork. Government Publications Sale Office, Sun Alliance House,
More informationShare of global GHG emissions. GHG emissions per capita. (tco
CLIMATE ACTION TRACKER BROWN TO GREEN: G2 TRANSITION TO A LOW CARBON ECONOMY South Africa This country profile assesses the South Africa s past, present and indications of future performance towards a
More informationNew Zealand Energy Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Energy and Building Trends New Zealand Energy Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2015 Calendar Year Edition Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE) Hīkina Whakatutuki Lifting to make successful
More informationManufacturing sees slow but positive start to 2019
January 2019 Media Contact: Tony Melville, Australian Industry Group. 0419 190 347 Manufacturing sees slow but positive start to 2019 The Australian Industry Group Australian Performance of Manufacturing
More informationTrends of Energy Consumption and Carbon Footprint in India
International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences ISSN 0973-6077 Volume 12, Number 3 (2017), pp. 457-468 Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com Trends of Energy Consumption and
More informationThe Cancun Agreements: Land use, land-use change and forestry
Decision 2/CMP.6 The Cancun Agreements: Land use, land-use change and forestry The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, Affirming that the implementation
More informationEnsuring energy security in ASEAN countries: Current trends and major challenges
Ensuring energy security in ASEAN countries: Current trends and major challenges Sergey Senderov 1*, Sergey Vorobev 1 1 Melentiev Energy Systems Institute, 130 Lermontov str., Irkutsk, Russia Abstract.
More informationApproximated greenhouse gas emissions in 2016
Approximated greenhouse gas emissions Approximated greenhouse gas emissions in 2016 This briefing presents early approximated (proxy) estimates of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for 2016 in the European
More informationClimate and Atmosphere-- Islamic Republic of Iran
Climate and Atmosphere-- Islamic Republic of Iran Islamic Republic of Iran Middle East & North Africa Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions {a} World (in thousand metric tons of CO2) Total Emissions, 1998 289,895
More informationIntensity and Use of Energy in Indian Industries and the Contribution of Energy to Growth
Fifth World KLEMS Conference, June 04-05 2018, Harvard University Intensity and Use of Energy in Indian Industries and the Contribution of Energy to Growth Bishwanath Goldar Suresh Chand Aggarwal Pilu
More informationDraft Carbon Tax Bill Liable entities
Draft Carbon Tax Bill Liable entities The South African National Treasury has published a Draft Carbon Tax Bill (the Bill) for public comment. This article explores the aspects of the carbon tax regime
More informationTrends in GHG Emissions and Removals
Chapter 2 Trends in GHG Emissions and Removals Chapter 2 Trends in GHG Emissions and Removals 2.1 Description and Interpretation of Emission and Removal Trends for Aggregate Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) 2.1.1
More informationOverview of the manufacturing sector
Overview of the manufacturing sector Jane Turner, Economics Department This article examines recent trends in New Zealand s manufacturing sector. It finds that sales to the domestic market have been reasonably
More informationManufacturing recovery slows again in March
March 2019 Media Contact: Tony Melville, Australian Industry Group. 0419 190 347 Manufacturing recovery slows again in March The Australian Industry Group Australian Performance of Manufacturing Index
More informationChapter 7 Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Chapter 7 Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions In the coming decades, actions to limit greenhouse gas emissions could affect patterns of energy use around the world and alter the level and composition
More informationFrom Basic Energy Statistics to Energy Balances. Workshop on Energy Statistics. Karen Tréanton. International Energy Agency
International Energy Agency Karen Tréanton IEA Energy Statistics Division Head of Energy Balances, Prices and Emissions Section From Basic Energy Statistics to Energy Balances International Workshop on
More informationEnergy Outlook and Energy Saving Potential in East Asia
The 40 th Annual IAEE International Conference Singapore, 18-21 June 2017 Energy Outlook and Energy Saving Potential in East Asia Dr. HAN, Phoumin Energy Economist OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION I. INTRODUCTION
More informationOECD Environmental Performance Reviews Estonia 2017 Simon Upton, OECD Environment Director
OECD Environmental Performance Reviews Estonia 217 Simon Upton, OECD Environment Director Estonia is a top-performing economy 2=1 2 18 16 14 12 1 Latvia 173 Estonia 165 OECD 126 Germany 118 8 6 4 2 1 2
More informationClimate and Atmosphere-- United States
Climate and Atmosphere-- United States EarthTrends Country Profiles United States North America Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions {a} World (in thousand metric tons of CO2) Total Emissions, 1998 5,447,640
More informationPrimer. Energy Statistics. in Asia and the Pacific ( ) and. Energy Outlook. for Asia and the Pacific
Primer Energy Statistics in Asia and the Pacific (1990 2009) and Energy Outlook for Asia and the Pacific 2013 Asian Development Bank All rights reserved. Published in 2013. Printed in the Philippines.
More informationAccuracy of ABARE Energy Projections
Accuracy of ABARE Energy Projections By Peter Lang August 2010 Introduction The Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics (ABARE) is an Australian government economic research agency that
More informationEnd-user GHG emissions from energy
EEA Technical report No 19/2011 End-user GHG emissions from energy Reallocation of emissions from energy industries to end users 2005 2009 ISSN 1725-2237 EEA Technical report No 19/2011 End-user GHG emissions
More informationClimate and Atmosphere-- Ukraine
Climate and Atmosphere-- Ukraine EarthTrends Country Profiles Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions {a} Ukraine Europe World (in thousand metric tons of CO2) Total Emissions, 1998 353,617 5,828,746 24,215,376
More informationLong Term Mitigation Scenarios For South Africa
Long Term Mitigation Scenarios For South Africa Alison Hughes, Bruno Merven Energy Research Centre University of Cape Town 1 ERC South African Energy System Source: Energy Digest Department of Energy,
More informationDEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS NO JULY 2017
STAATSKOERANT, 21 JULIE 2017 No. 40996 65 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS NO. 710 21 JULY 2017 66 No. 40996 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 21 JULY 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 DEFINITIONS AND PRIORITY POLLUTANT
More informationChapter 1 Primary Energy Data
Chapter 1 Primary Energy Data The primary energy sources of the Lao People s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) consist of coal, oil, hydro, and biomass. The country imports oil products to meet its domestic
More informationGHG emissions per capita. (tco 2. e/cap) Source: UNDP, data for 2015 Source: World Bank Indicators, data for 2012 Source: IEA, data for 2013
CLIMATE ACTION TRACKER BROWN TO GREEN: G2 TRANSITION TO A LOW CARBON ECONOMY European Union This profile assesses the European Union s past, present and indications of future performance towards a low-carbon
More informationUsing the 2006 IPCC Guidelines to Estimate CO 2 Emissions
Aidan Kennedy CO 2 Emissions Statistics Energy Statistics Division Using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines to Estimate CO 2 Emissions IEA Energy Statistics Training Tbilisi, Nov. 5-9, 2012 Outline Differences between
More informationGreenhouse Gas Emissions Data for submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Key GHG Data
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data for 1990 2003 submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Key GHG Data Foreword The Climate Convention has been in force since 1994 for more than 10 years.
More informationTools for Greenhouse Gas Analysis: Exploring Methodologies for Development Finance. July 14, 2009
Tools for Greenhouse Gas Analysis: Exploring Methodologies for Development Finance July 14, 2009 OVERSEAS PRIVATE INVESTMENT CORPORATION (OPIC) An Agency of the United States Government History of Carbon
More informationstatistics Electricity information: Overview
statistics Electricity information: Overview 2017 2 - ELECTRICITY INFORMATION: OVERVIEW (2017 edition) The following analysis is an overview from the publication Electricity Information 2017. Please note
More informationWorker fatalities are slightly below the overall average with 1.4 fatalities per 100,000 workers.
Priority industry snapshot: Manufacturing June 2018 The manufacturing industry is identified as a national priority to reduce the number and rates of fatalities and serious claims in the Australian Work
More information04 GLOBAL EMISSIONS EMISSIONS. Areport by the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency says global emissions have increased 5.
4 GLOBAL 41, Tughlakabad Institutional Area, New Delhi 11 62, INDIA Ph: +91-11-2995611-5124 - 6394-6399 Fax: +91-11-2995579 Areport by the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency says global emissions
More informationDevelopment of the National System for the GHG inventory preparation Preparation GHG Emissions for National Communications Difficulties with data
The 7 th Workshop on GHG Inventories in Asia (WGIA7) 7-10 July 2009, Seoul, Republic of Korea Review of GHG Inventory Preparation in Mongolia Dr. DORJPUREV JARGAL EEC Mongolia Contents Development of the
More informationReducing GHG Emissions in Canada: A Formidable Challenge
Reducing GHG Emissions in Canada: A Formidable Challenge Trottier Energy Futures Project Results Presented by Douglas Ruth, PEng, PhD 8 September 2017 T Background TEFP Study sponsored by CAE and DSF Funding
More informationEnergy Innovation Scoreboard A Pilot Framework with a Focus on Renewables
Energy Innovation Scoreboard A Pilot Framework with a Focus on Renewables Claudia Kettner, Angela Köppl IEA Workshop on "Modelling and Analyses in R&D Priority-Setting and Innovation" IEA, 24 April 2014
More informationSectoral Approaches in Electricity
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY Delivering a broader carbon market after Copenhagen Richard Baron Head of climate change unit, IEA Objective: delivering CO 2 mitigation in power generation globally Identifying
More informationSeventh Biennial Report on Progress toward Greenhouse Gas Reduction Goals
Report to the Joint Standing Committee on Environment and Natural Resources 128 th Legislature, Second Session Seventh Biennial Report on Progress toward Greenhouse Gas Reduction Goals January 2018 Contact:
More informationCO 2 emission reduction options for Estonia
Doctoral school of energy and geotechnology January 16 21, 2006. Kuressaare, Estonia CO 2 emission reduction options for Estonia Mart Landsberg, Hannes Agabus, Olev Liik Tallinn University of Technology,
More informationGHG Emissions from Energy Industry
4.1 GHG Emissions from Energy Industry GHG Emissions from Energy Industry in the EU 19 2000 2005 2010 2011 2011/19 (%) Electricity and Heat Production 1 1,435 1,288 1,367 1,229 1,210 16 Petroleum Refining
More informationEuropean Union, Trade in goods with Asia
European Union, Trade in goods with Asia ASIA Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Gaza + Jericho, Georgia, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel,
More informationA Canadian Perspective On The Use Of CGE Analysis For Assessing Comparable Effort. Workshop on Mitigation Potential/Comparable Efforts
A Canadian Perspective On The Use Of CGE Analysis For Assessing Comparable Effort Workshop on Mitigation Potential/Comparable Efforts Nick Macaluso Environment Canada Bonn, Germany March 23-24,2009 Outline
More informationENERGY EMISSIONS INPUT-OUTPUT ANALYSIS IN SOUTH AFRICA
ENERGY EMISSIONS INPUT-OUTPUT ANALYSIS IN SOUTH AFRICA BY SHOMENTHREE MOODLEY SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE PhD IN THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, EXTENSION
More informationGrowth in China s resource use still has some way to go
Developments in China implications for Australia s resources industries Wayne Calder Deputy Executive Director Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics (BREE) 2014 Growth in China s resource use still
More informationSocio-Economic and Energy Policy Assumptions
Chapter 3 Socio-Economic and Energy Policy Assumptions March 28 This chapter should be cited as Working Group for Analysis on Energy Saving Potential in East Asia Region (28), Socio-Economic and Energy
More informationFCCC/SBI/2014/INF.20/Add.1
United Nations FCCC/SBI/2014/INF.20/Add.1 Distr.: General 24 November 2014 English only Subsidiary Body for Implementation Forty-first session Lima, 1 8 December 2014 Item 3(b) of the provisional agenda
More informationpathways to deep decarbonization interim 2014 report Australia Chapter
pathways to deep decarbonization interim 2014 report Australia Chapter Disclaimer SDSN IDDRI The Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project (DDPP) is a collaborative initiative, convened under the auspices
More informationDifference +/- (row A - row B) (negative means need to. H VII Government purchase of Kyoto mechanisms 0,000
I. NAP summary table target calculation Row Data table no. A Target under Kyoto Protocol or Burden Sharing Agreement (avg. annual GHG emissions 2008-12) Emissions (Mt CO2eq) B III Total GHG emissions 2003
More informationGreenhouse gas emissions in industrialised countries
THE AUSTRALIA INSTITUTE Greenhouse gas emissions in industrialised countries Where does Australia stand? Hal Turton Discussion Paper Number 66 June 2004 ISSN 1322-5421 ii The Australia Institute This work
More informationSupplementary Information
Supplementary Information 1. Figures and Tables Showing Supplemental Information and Data 0.5 Energy Expenditures as Fraction of GDP (Actual) 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1980 1990 2000 2010 Figure S1. The fraction
More informationEnergy Efficiency Indicators Overview
Energy Efficiency Policies in ASEAN Region Jakarta, 18-20 October 2011 Energy Efficiency Indicators Overview Nathalie Trudeau International Energy Agency Why collecting energy statistics Any sound energy
More informationNatural gas: transitional or permanent?
Australian Energy-Next Generation. AIE National Conference 2010 Natural gas: transitional or permanent? Adelaide November 2010 www.energyquest.com.au Outline Australian energy demand continues to grow
More informationTechnical Paper Kyoto Ambition Mechanism Report
Technical Paper Kyoto Ambition Mechanism Report 30 April 2014 EN EN Table of Contents 1. Summary... 2 2. Progress towards meeting the Kyoto targets in the first commitment period (2008-2012)... 4 2.1.
More information6.4.1 Water Intensity (litres per US dollar)
Natural Resource Use Indicators in the SDGs For more information, please visit http://www.unep.org/asiapacificindicators or contact janet.salem@unep.org Year SDG Goal 6.4 Increase water-use efficiency
More informationElectricity and heat statistics
Electricity and heat statistics Statistics Explained Data extracted in June 2018. Planned article update: June 2019. Gross electricity production by fuel, GWh, EU-28, 2000-2016Source: Eurostat (nrg105a)
More informationEmissions (Mt CO2eq) 68,694 92,511-21,161-21,178
I. NAP summary table target calculation Row Data table no. A Target under Kyoto Protocol or Burden Sharing Agreement (avg. annual GHG emissions 2008-12) B III Total GHG emissions 2003 (excluding LULUCF
More informationInsurance against Catastrophic climate change: How much will climate change mitigation policies cost Australia?
Insurance against Catastrophic climate change: How much will climate change mitigation policies cost Australia? Philip Adams Centre of Policy Studies Presentation ti 1. Centre of Policy Studies 2. The
More informationNatural Resource Use Indicators in the SDGs
Natural Resource Use Indicators in the SDGs For more information, please visit http://www.unep.org/asiapacificindicators or contact janet.salem@unep.org Year SDG Goal 6.4 Increase water-use efficiency
More informationIRELAND S EMISSIONS OF GREENHOUSE GASES FOR THE PERIOD
Summary IRELAND S EMISSIONS OF GREENHOUSE GASES FOR THE PERIOD 1990-2004 March 2006 The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has finalised its latest inventory of Ireland s Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions.
More informationIndustrial production indices - global developments
Industry, trade and services Author: Digna AMIL Statistics in focus 61/8 Industrial production indices - global developments A great deal has been written about the internationalisation of the world economy,
More informationBangladesh. Natural Resource Use Indicators in the SDGs. Bangladesh Asia-Pacific Developing. SDG Goal. 6.4 Increase water-use efficiency
Natural Resource Use Indicators in the SDGs For more information, please visit http://www.unep.org/asiapacificindicators or contact janet.salem@unep.org Year SDG Goal 1 6.4 Increase water-use efficiency
More informationenergy in figures Energy
EU energy in figures Statistical pocketbook 2015 Energy This publication does not involve the European Commission in liability of any kind. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions
More informationChapter 5 Flows, stocks and related concepts
Draft annotated outline of Chapter 5 Chapter 5 Flows, stocks and related concepts Below is an annotated draft of Chapter 5. The text contains a number of issues which need to be discussed to guide further
More information