LCA of Bio-Oils and Energy Crops. Marcelle McManus University of Bath

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1 LCA of Bio-Oils and Energy Crops Marcelle McManus University of Bath

2 Drivers for Bio-energy Kyoto Renewable Energy Targets Fuel Security RTFO (in Europe) Easy to use with current infrastructure and technology

3 Source: and based on publications from Nature

4

5 Changing media coverage UK 'lacks ambition' on bioenergy BBC News, 18 September 2006 Bioenergy: Fuelling the food crisis? BBC News, 4 June 2008 Secret report: biofuel caused food crisis Internal World Bank study delivers blow to plant energy drive (Guardian, July 4 th 2008)

6 Friends of the Earth Advert : 2007

7 Port-au-Prince, Haiti: Residents protest against food price rises in front of UN peacekeepers in April Borneo, Malaysia: A worker harvests palm oil Brazil: Large fields of soy Source:

8 Can Bio-energy help? Need to ensure we understand the impacts of decisions Comprehensive research on land availability, energy and water use, food importation, fertiliser use etc Wider questions which of these impacts, eg food shortages, are associated with bio-energy? Which with drought, conflict etc? Attributional and Consequential LCA Two case studies, biofuel and heat

9 Life Cycle Assessment Framework according to ISO Four different phases of LCA can be distinguished: Goal and scope definition Inventory analysis Interpretation Direct application: product development and improvement Strategic planning Public policy making Marketing Other Impact assessment Source: ISO 14040

10 Energy and emissions associated with the importation of food Fertilisers, herbicides, pesticides etc Displacement of crops (food) Crop growth Energy input Soil quality and ability to store greenhouse gases Loss of biodiversity Displacement of land (forest etc?) Emissions to water and air Energy use through machine use Land for storage waste Emissions to water and air Harvesting Emissions to land, air and water through processing Land for processing plant Water use Energy input Transport to processing plant Emissions to air, land and water Processing Chemical or any other raw material input transport Emissions to air, land and water Use Avoided CO2 through avoidance of fossil fuel use Use type biofuels or heating? Different impact regarding different types of use (transport fuel or heating etc) Security of energy supply Spillages of fuel (comparison of bio fuels and fossil fuels) Biofuels from Ash Disposal Energy use Different component wear as a result of different fuel? crops

11 Ideal Energy Crops high yield (maximum production of dry matter per hectare) low energy input to produce low cost composition with the least contaminants low nutrient requirements

12 Land Use Conflict Land squeeze becomes more prevalent as land is required for food, housing and energy There are bio-fuel targets, although these might be revised In the UK in order to meet the 5% biofuels blend in the RTFO targets approximately 10% of the total agricultural land would be required

13 Arable/Annual Main Feedstocks Rapeseed, wheat, maize, sugar beet, potatoes Herbaceous Perennials Miscanthus, switchgrass, reed canary grass Woody Perennials Short rotation coppice, pine, spruce Residues and Wastes Forest residue, straw, organic municipal waste, waste fats and oils

14

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16 Ploughing diesel Harrowing and Seed Bed Production diesel To Air: NH3, NO, NO2, N2O, F, CO2, SO2. To Water: P, P2O5, NH4+, NO3 Sowing diesel transportation of fertilisers Fertilising diesel, natural gas, electricity,heavy fuel oil, hard coal, CaSO2 transportation transportation of crop protectors To Air: N2O, CH4, NH3 To Water: NO3-, P, K2O Crop Protection Rapeseed Crop Growth diesel, heavy fuel oil, natural gas, hard coal. rapeseed for sowing straw Harvesting diesel transportation Drying and Storing electricity, heavy fuel oil Dried Rapeseed Cleaned and Passed through Magnetic Separators Heating and Rolling Seeds ruptured using steam heat Pressed in Expeller Press Press Cake Hexane Cooled and washed with Hexane in an Extractor Hexane Solid meal saturated with hexane Miscella (solution of oil in hexane) Desolventiser used to strip out the hexane Meal is dried and cooled and stored in silos Subject to triple effect evaporation in order to strip the hexane from the oil for reuse Rapeseed Oil

17 Characterised Data for Rapeseed Characterised Data for Rapeseed Production 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Carcinogens Resp. organics Resp. inorganics Climate change Radiation Ozone layer Ecotoxicity Acidification/ Eutrophication Land use Minerals Fossil fuels ploughing harvesting harrowing and seed preparation drying crushing fertilising soil emissions crop protection

18 Normalised Data for Rapeseed Normalised Data for Rapeseed Production Carcinogens Resp. organics Resp. inorganics Climate change Radiation Ozone layer Ecotoxicity Acidification/ Eutrophication Land use Minerals Fossil fuels plouging harvesting harrow ing and seed preparation drying crushing fertilising soil emissions crop protection

19 Water Use in Crude Rape Oil Production water used in crude rape oil production ploughing harvesting harrowing and seed preparation drying crushing fertilisers crop protection Total Water Consumption = 510m 3 per hectare of rapeseed (produces 1188kg crude oil)

20 Normalised Data for rapeseed based Normalised Data for rapeseed based bio-diesel People Emission Equivalents 0.0 Carcinogens Resp. organics Resp. inorganics Climate change Radiation Ozone layer Ecotoxicity Acidification/ Eutrophication Land use Minerals Fossil fuels ploughing harvesting harrowing and seed preparation drying and transport crushing fertilising soil emissions crop protection tranesterification chemicals NaOH Methanol electricity for transesterification

21 Net Energy of rapeseed based biodiesel Energy Content (ERSU, Strathclyde): Diesel ~ 37.9 MJ/L. Biodiesel ~ 35.6 MJ/L. Embodied energy of bio-diesel is calculated to be 29.75MJ/L

22 Performance of Biofuels Biodiesel At blends lower than 20% there is an increase in efficiency and improved fuel economy without an impact on performance Specific fuel consumption is higher for engines using high blends of biodiesel Problem with thickening at high blends due to higher viscosity

23 2nd generation biofuels Energy produced from lignocellulosic material More energy obtained per hectare Technology still in development

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26 The boiler has been estimated to save over 100 tonnes of CO2 each year

27

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29 Normalised Boiler Production Normalised Boiler Production Fossil fuels People Emission Equivalents Carcinogens Resp. organics Resp. inorganics Climate change Radiation Ozone layer Ecotoxicity Acidification/ Eutrophication Land use Minerals Steel Fireclay High alloy steel Synthetic rubber Stainless Steel Transport

30 Fossil fuel use and avoidance in a small biomass boiler avoided annual energy boiler production insulated piping annual emissions w oodchips Fossil fuels

31 Normalised data for a small Normalised data for a small woodchip biomass boiler People Emission Equivalents Carcinogens Resp. organics Resp. inorganics Climate change Radiation Ozone layer Ecotoxicity Acidification/ Eutrophication Land use Minerals avoided annual energy boiler production insulated piping annual emissions w oodchips Respiratory inorganics - effects resulting from winter smog caused by emissions of dust, sulphur and nitrogen oxides to air.

32 Normalised data for the boiler with differing loading ratings 7 People Emission Equivalents Carcinogens Resp. organics Resp. inorganics Climate change Radiation Ozone layer Ecotoxicity Acidification/ Eutrophication Land use Minerals avoided annual energy boiler and piping annual low load emissions annual partial load emissions annual full load emissions w oodchips Using other impact assessments the impact of winter and summer smog is negligible

33 Concluding Remarks Need to understand the wider implications Everything has some negative impact Bio-energy could be used to help meet renewable energy and carbon reduction targets This is not a new concept

34 I foresee the time when industry shall no longer denude the forests which require generations to mature, nor use up the mines which were ages in the making, but shall draw its raw material largely from the annual products of the fields, he declared. I am convinced that we shall be able to get out of the yearly crops most of the basic materials which we now get from forest and mine. We shall grow annually many if not most of the substances needed in manufacturing. When that day comes, and it is surely on the way, the farmer will not lack a market and the worker will not lack a job. More people will live in the country. The present unnatural condition will be naturally balanced again. Chemistry will reunite agriculture and industry. They were allowed to get too far apart and the world has suffered by the separation. Henry Ford ( )

35 Contact Details Dr. Marcelle McManus Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY +44 (0)

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