Energy Storage Technologies andapplications

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1 Energy Storage Technologies andapplications Allianz Global Corporate & Specialty SE Expert Days 2017 Green Energy November 2-3, 2017, The Charles Hotel, Munich Dr. Andreas Hauer Executive Board of Directors German Energy Storage Association (BVES)

The German Energy Storage Association(BVES) The BVES is the industrial association of

With targeted lobbying at the interfaces ofpoliticaldecision makingwearetrying to

2 The German Energy Storage Association(BVES) The BVES is the industrial association of German energy storage companies that is open to all technologies in the areas of electricity, heat and mobility. We are a dialogue partner for politics, administration, science and publicity. With targeted lobbying at the interfaces ofpoliticaldecision makingwearetrying to improvethegerman regulationandpolicyframework. In addition, the BVES monitors research and development activities and informs members of new results and developments.

3 Members (extract)

4 Content Basic Definitions Energy Storage - Technologies Energy Storage -Applications Energy Storage German Innovation Examples New Trends Technology Comparison (?) Economics Market Conclusions

5 Energy Storage Basic Definitions

6 Definitions Energy Storage What is energy storage? An energy storage system can take up energy and deliver it at a later point in time. The storage process itself consists of three stages: The charging, the storage and the discharging. After the discharging step the storage can be charged again. Charging Storage Discharging

7 Definitions Energy Storage What is actually stored? The form of energy (electricity, heat, cold, mechanical energy, chemical energy), which is taken up by an energy storage system, is usually the one, which is delivered. However, in many cases the charged type of energy has to be transformed for the storage (e.g. pumped hydro storage or batteries). It is re-transformed for the discharging. In some energy storage systems the transformed energy type is delivered (e.g. Power-to-Gas or Power-to-Heat). h

Definitions Energy Storage Relation between energy storage systems and their applications The technical and economical requirements for an energy storage system are determined by its actual

8 Definitions Energy Storage Relation between energy storage systems and their applications The technical and economical requirements for an energy storage system are determined by its actual application within the energy system. Therefore any evaluation and comparison of energy storage technologies is only possible with respect to this application. The application determines the technical requirements (e.g. type of energy, storage capacity, charging/discharging power, ) as well as the economical environment (e.g. expected pay-back time, price for delivered energy, ). Electrolysis Hydrogen

9 Matching Supply and Demand Constant Supply Fluctuating Supply

10 Difference between Power & Energy Storage of Power Storage of Energy Power Power Seconds -Minutes Hours Days e.g. Power Reserve e.g. Peak Shaving / Dispatchable Load

11 Energy Storage Technologies

13 Table of Energy Storage Technologies Storage technology Storage Mechanism Power Capacity Storage Period Density Efficiency Lifetime Cost MW MWh time kwh/ton kwh/m 3 % # cycles $/kw $/kwh /kwhdelivered Lithium Ion (Li Ion) Sodium Sulfur (NAS) battery Lead Acid battery Redox/Flow battery Compressed air energy storage (CAES) Pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) Electrochemical Electrochemical Electrochemical Electrochemical < 1,7 < 22 day - month ,89-0, day ,75-0, < 30 day - month ,65-0, < 7 < 10 day - month ,72-0,85 Mechanical day - Mechanical day - month 0,27 at 100m Hydrogen Chemical varies varies indefinite at bar 0,4-0,75 0,27 at 100m 0,63-0,85 2,7-160 at bar ,1-18 0,22-0, Methane Chemical varies varies indefinite at 1 bar 0,24-0, Sensible storage - Water Thermal < 10 < 100 hour - year < 60 0,5-0,9 ~5000-0,1-13 0,01 Phase change materials (PCM) Thermochemical storage (TCS) Thermal < 10 < 10 hour - week < 120 0,75-0,9 ~ ,3-6 Thermal < 1 < 10 hour - week ,8-1 ~

14 Energy Storage Technologies Electrical Energy Storage Thermal Energy Storage Chemical Energy Storage

15 Electrical Energy Storages Storage as Electrical Energy Super-conducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) Super-Capacitor Storage as Electro-chemical Energy Storage as Mechanical Energy Lithium-Ion Battery Sodium-Sulfate Battery (NaS-Cells) Lead-Acid Battery Redox-Flow Battery Pumped Hydro Storage Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Flywheel

16 Electrical Energy Storages Storage Period and Discharging Power Energy Management Bridging Power Power Quality C. Dötsch

17 Thermal Energy Storages Thermal Energy can be stored as sensible heat Hot Water Tank Underground Thermal Energy Storage (UTES) Thermal Energy can be stored as latent heat Macro- / Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials (PCM) Thermal Energy can be stored thermo-chemically Adsorption (Zeolite) andabsorption (LiCl) Storage ThermoChemical Materials (TCM)

300 200 100 CaCl 2 *NH 3 Salt Hydrates Paraffines MgCl 2 * 6H 2 O

18 Storage Capacity vs. Temperature 600 MgSO 4 * 6H 2 O Storage Capacity / (kwh/m³) CaCl 2 *NH 3 Salt Hydrates Paraffines MgCl 2 * 6H 2 O NiCl 2 NH 3 Zeolith*H 2 O Silicagel*H 2 O Nitrates Sugar Alcohols 0 Water Temperature / C

19 Chemical Energy Storage Energy Storage by Hydrogen Production and Storage Hydrogen is the most powerful fuel with regard to its mass Loss-free long-term storage possible Electricity production by fuel cells / H 2 turbines

20 Chemical Energy Storage Energy Storage by Methane Production and Storage Methane from Hydrogen (and CO 2 ) Efficiency >80 % (Sabatier-Process) Existing Infrastructure (natural gas) ZSW M. Sterner

21 Storage capacities in Germany 29 TWh/a Heat pump 2 GW lading 1800 h/a 3 TWh/a Thermal storage heaters Installed base 14 GW loading 1400 h/a 20 TWh/a 0,02 TWh/a Cars 2 MWh/ km 0,04 TWh/a 40 MW loading 1000 Jahresvollbenutzungsstuden 4 TWh/a 7 GW loading 600 a/year Domestic hot water cylinders 6 GW Loading ; 1000 h/a 6 TWh/a E-Mobillity Battery Pump storage Source: E-Mobilität: Berechnetauf Basis von Fahrzeugen. Thermische Speicher: Fraunhofer IBP, Bericht ES /2012 und BWP-Branchenstudie Thermal energy storage solutions

22 Energy Storage Applications

23 Renewable Energies Integration of Renewable Electricity Grid Stability Frequency regulation Voltage support T&D congestion relief Black start Grid balancing Fast power reserve Peak shaving Self-consumption, Off-grid Demand Side Integration Dispatchable Load Power-to-Gas Power-to-Heat Integration of Renewable Thermal Energy Concentrated Solar Power Solar-thermal Process Heat Solar-thermal Heating & Cooling Energy Efficiency Industrial Processes Waste Heat Utlization Recuperation of Mech. Energy Buildings Heating & Cooling Day/Night-Balancing Summer/Winter-Balancing Electricity Production Fossil Thermal Power Plants Heat Utilization of CHP Mobility Propulsion Heating / Air Conditioning

24 Renewable Energies Integration of Renewable Electricity Grid Stability Frequency regulation Voltage support T&D congestion relief Black start Grid balancing Fast power reserve Peak shaving Self-consumption, Off-grid Demand Side Integration Dispatchable Load Power-to-Gas Power-to-Heat Integration of Renewable Thermal Energy Concentrated Solar Power Solar-thermal Process Heat Solar-thermal Heating & Cooling Energy Efficiency Industrial Processes Waste Heat Utlization Recuperation of Mech. Energy Buildings Heating & Cooling Day/Night-Balancing Summer/Winter-Balancing Electricity Production Fossil Thermal Power Plants Heat Utilization of CHP Mobility Propulsion Heating / Air Conditioning EES TES EES/TES/CES

25 Energy Storage German Innovation Examples

600 Lithium-Manganoxide cells are installed 5 medium voltage transformers are connecting the storage

26 Schwerin Battery Park 5 MW/5 MWh Lithium-Ion Primary control Option to extend to 10 MW/10 MWh Commissioned: 06/2014 Batteries react accurate and fast to frequency changes Within the building Lithium-Manganoxide cells are installed 5 medium voltage transformers are connecting the storage to the grid 5 MW battery power plant can replace a conventional 50 MW turbine due to its accurate control potential

27 Island Solution Smart Region Pellworm

Pilot Project Energiepark Mainz Pilot project for H2-elektrolysis and storage at Mainz, Germany Partner: Stadtwerke Mainz, Linde, Siemens and Hochschule RheinMain Siemens PEM elektrolyser peak power

28 Pilot Project Energiepark Mainz Pilot project for H2-elektrolysis and storage at Mainz, Germany Partner: Stadtwerke Mainz, Linde, Siemens and Hochschule RheinMain Siemens PEM elektrolyser peak power 6 MW Linde ionic compressor for flexible and energy efficienten operation H2 pressure storage ~1000 kg (~33 MWh) H2-Trailer filling station H2 feed-in into the natural gas network Electricity supply from different sources: Wind, power reserve, spot market Goals: Operation of local electricity grid Testing and operation experiences of components and system Intelligent controlling and market integration

000 m³ Temperatures 10 C - 95 C System 13 Buildings 320

29 Solar District Heat, Munich Storage Seasonal Storage (Summer/Winter) Hot Water Storage Volume m³ Temperatures 10 C - 95 C System 13 Buildings 320 Appartements m² (floor area) m² Solar Collectors Absorption driven by District Heat ZAE Bayern

30 Mobile Heat Storage for Waste Heat Utilization Thermochemical heat storage (adsorption) Charging temperature up to 300 C Discharging temperature adjustable Waste heat from a waste incineration plant for an industrial drying process (distance 7km) Storage capacity 4 MWh, thermal power 0.5 MW ZAE Bayern ZAE Bayern

Flywheels for Energy Efficiency Properties: High speed

1 flywheel 22 kw, up to 28 flywheels in one container

or Trams: Break energy can be recovered and used for other

minutes Avoiding voltage peaks by storage Example: Two

31 Flywheels for Energy Efficiency Properties: High speed rotor with max U/min. 1 flywheel 22 kw, up to 28 flywheels in one container Ideal cycle time some seconds to 30 minutes Subway Trains or Trams: Break energy can be recovered and used for other trains or stations electricity demand Storage for some minutes Avoiding voltage peaks by storage Example: Two breaking subway trains deliver electricity for one train to accelerate! Container Lifting By electrical motors (high power peaks) Storage at lowering for next lifting Electricity savings and reduction of power price

32 New Trends I: Energy Storage Aggregation

33 New trendin storage Combinationofapplications= multiusesolutions Districtstorage = optimizedown consumption+ primarycontrol+ +

34 New trendin storage Combinationofapplications= multiusesolutions Swarmstorage, Energy communities, Sharing communities, Blockchain

35 New Trends II: Flexible Sectorial Integration or Flexible Sector Coupling

Definition Sector Coupling Not only within the electricity, but also in the heating and mobility sector, fossile energy carriers shall be replaced by renewable sources.

36 Definition Sector Coupling Not only within the electricity, but also in the heating and mobility sector, fossile energy carriers shall be replaced by renewable sources. In this context sector coupling can help Electricity from renewables can be used to supply heat and cold as well as mobility... BMWI / Electricity Transformation h Energystorage Heat/Cold Mobility

Efficient Heat Supply Efficient Cold Supply Mobility Chemical Energy

37 Goal: Flexible Sector Coupling Power-to-Heat Electricity Power-to-Gas Power-to-Liquid Heat/Cold Thermal Energy Storage Inexpensive Storage Efficient Heat Supply Efficient Cold Supply Mobility Chemical Energy Storage High Energy Density Loss-free Long-term Storage Increasing Economical Value

38 Example: 10 MW Power-to-Heat Appliance of Stadtwerke Munich Technical parameters: Pressurised Heat Storage Max. Temperature: 170 C Capacitiy: 475 MWh Atmospheric Heat Storage Max. temperature: 95 C Capacity: 1400 MWh Atmospheric Heat Storage Pressurised Heat Storage

39 Example: Power-to-Fuel Power-to-Gas converting surplus energy into sustainable fuel PV or wind + CO2 from biogas plant + methanation plant = biomethane + green heat Conversion of 1 MWh electricity into 50 Nm3 of biomethane for grid injection

40 Technology Comparison (?)

Comparison of Energy Storage Technologies Storage technology Storage Mechanis m Power Capacity Storage Period Density Efficiency Lifetime Cost MW MWh time kwh/ton kwh/m 3 % # cycles $/kw $/kwh

41 Comparison of Energy Storage Technologies Storage technology Storage Mechanis m Power Capacity Storage Period Density Efficiency Lifetime Cost MW MWh time kwh/ton kwh/m 3 % # cycles $/kw $/kwh /kwhdelivere d Lithium Ion Electrochemical < 1,7 < 22 day -month ,89-0,98 (Li Ion) Sodium Sulfur Electrochemical day ,75-0,86 (NAS) battery 9-55 Lead Acid Electrochemical < 30 day -month ,65-0,85 battery Redox/Flow Electrochemical < 7 < 10 day -month ,72-0,85 battery 5-88 Compressed air 2-7 at energy storage Mechanical day - 0,4-0, bar (CAES) Pumped hydro ,27 at 0,27 at energy storage Mechanical day -month 0,63-0, , m 100m (PHES) Comparison of storage technologies is difficult. 2,7-160 at Hydrogen Chemical varies varies indefinite ,22-0, bar 1408 There is a strong influence of the actual application on Methane Chemical varies varies indefinite at 1 bar 0,24-0, Sensible storage - Water Phase change materials (PCM) Thermochemic al storage (TCS) the storage properties! Thermal < 10 < 100 hour - year < 60 0,5-0,9 ~5000-0,1-13 0,01 Thermal < 10 < 10 hour - week < 120 0,75-0,9 ~ ,3-6 Thermal < 1 < 10 hour - week ,8-1 ~

42 Application: Long Term Storage Storage technology Lithium Ion (Li Ion) Sodium Sulfur (NAS) battery Lead Acid battery Redox/Flow battery Compressed air energy storage (CAES) Pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) Storage Mechanis m Electrochemical Electrochemical Electrochemical Electrochemical Power Capacity Storage Period Density Efficiency Lifetime Cost MW MWh time kwh/ton kwh/m 3 % # cycles $/kw $/kwh < 1,7 < 22 day - month ,89-0, day ,75-0, < 30 day - month ,65-0,85 < 7 < 10 day - month ,72-0,85 Mechanical day - Mechanical day - month 0,27 at 100m Hydrogen Chemical varies varies indefinite at bar 0,27 at 100m 2,7-160 at bar 0,4-0,75 0,63-0, ,22-0, /kwhdelivere d , Methane Chemical varies varies indefinite at 1 bar 0,24-0, Sensible storage - Water Thermal < 10 < 100 hour - year < 60 0,5-0,9 ~5000-0,1-13 0,01 Phase change materials (PCM) Thermochemic al storage (TCS) Thermal < 10 < 10 hour - week < 120 0,75-0,9 ~ ,3-6 Thermal < 1 < 10 hour - week ,8-1 ~

43 Application: Long Term Storage Hydrogen: Total: ~ 62% Efficiency: Electrolysis Compression Transport Storage U. Stimming, TUM ~ 85 % ~ 90 % ~ 90 % ~ 90 % Fuel: Overall Efficiency 60 % Electricity: Overall Efficiency 30 % Heating: Overall Efficiency 60 %

44 Application: Long Term Storage Hot Water: Total ~ 225 % Efficiency: Heat Pump ~ 300 % Storage ~ 75 % ZAE Bayern Fuel: not possible! Electricity: not possible! Heating: Overall Efficiency 225 %

45 Comparison of Energy Storage Technologies Important: Look at the whole efficiency chain! Take the value of the stored energy ( exergy!) into account! Take the final energy demand into account! Also Power-to-Heat / Power-to-Cold is an option! Try to identify the most suitable technology for the application!

46 Energy Storage Economics

Economics Economics of an energy storage system depend on investment cost of the energy storage system number of storage cycles (per time), which limits the delivered amount of energy Spending =

47 Economics Economics of an energy storage system depend on investment cost of the energy storage system number of storage cycles (per time), which limits the delivered amount of energy Spending = Investment Cost ZAE Bayern Charging St Storage Discharg. St Total Cost Earning = delivered Energy = Storage Cycles 4 MWh per cycle, charge/discharge power 1 MW, 2 cycles per day, 1 MWh = x 200 = /Jahr

system number of storage cycles (per time), which

replaced energy (electricity, heat/cold, fuel, )

48 Economics Economics of an energy storage system depend on investment cost of the energy storage system number of storage cycles (per time), which limits the delivered amount of energy price of the replaced energy (electricity, heat/cold, fuel, ) Benefit-Stacking /kwh 250 /kwh ZAE Bayern 100 /kwh ZAE Bayern 2,0 /kwh

49 Energy Storage Market

50 Energy Storage Systems are clean! Energy storage systems used for the integration of renewables or the increase of energy efficiency deliver CO 2 -neutral energy to their customers. Rising prices for CO 2 certificates would support the economics of energy storage! e.g. power reserve

51 Fair Market Entry! No subsidies & no market-entry-programme needed! As soon as flexibility will be adequately remunerated, energy storage systems are competitive! Energy storage systems are no final consumer and do not have to pay the related fees! Japan: Ice storage for air conditioning due to high electricity prices in peak hours

52 Conclusions

53 Conclusions Energy Storage Process = Charging + Storage + Discharging Energy storage can match supply & demand Energy storage systems can either focus on the storage of energy or power The economics depend on the investment cost, the cycle number in an actual application (per time) and the price of the replaced energy Energy storage systems will have an increasing market share, if their benefits will be adequately remunerated

54 Conclusions A large number of different energy storage technologies is available or subject to R&D at the moment A large number of different applications of energy storage will come up in our future energy systems Energy storage technologies can only be evaluated and compared -technically and economically -within an actual application The final energy demand and the overall efficiency of the energy storage system has to be taken into account, when assigning storage technologies to storage applications

55 ThankYouverymuchforyour attention!

Energy Storage Technologies in Germany. Urban Windelen, BVES German Energy Storage Association Tunis, 24. Nov. 2015

Energy Storage Technologies in Germany Urban Windelen, BVES German Energy Storage Association Tunis, 24. Nov. 2015 The German Energy Storage Association (BVES) The BVES is the industrial association of