Thrust 4: Catalytic Conversion of Syn Gas

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1 Thrust 4: Catalytic Conversion of Syn Gas WORKSHOP ON BREAKING THE CHEMICAL & ENGINEERING BARRIERS TO LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOFUELS Research Needs for Technical Development

2 Section Organization 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Overall Process Description 4.3 Resulting Fuels 4.4 Summary of Previous Research 4.5 Economics and Potential of Technology 4.6 Current Tech. Limitations and Roadblocks 4.7 Possibilities for Technical Development 4.8 Recommendations 4.9 References

3 Overall Process Description Biomass Gasification Gas Clean-up Water-Gas- Shift CO Hydrogenation synthetic natural gas higher alcohols gasoline ethanol jet fuel diesel heating fuel methanol DME

4 Improve Biomass Gas Clean-up Impurities are feed dependent. This may mean that different catalyst formulations must be used for biogas clean-up from different feedstocks. Research is needed to understand the optimal catalyst formulation for different impurities and concentrations. Fundamentals of reaction on clean-up catalysts need to be studied using a combination of computational chemistry and operando techniques. H 2 S Tars Other contaminants

5 Improve Biomass Gas Clean-up Syngas needs to have < 60 ppb of H 2 S, arsine, HCL, HCN, NH 3, particulates, Se, Hg, alkali, and P for FTS. Some impurities may greatly interfere with catalytic removal of other impurities. Both computation and model experimental studies are needed in this area. A 2-stage process may be required for biogas cleanup.

6 Improve Biomass Gas Clean-up There is a need to look at lower temperature clean-up processes such as the venturi scrubber. Learn from coal gasification clean-up studies, but expand to biomass. Investigate sorbents and membranes for high temperature CO 2 removal. CO 2 may need to be removed from syngas for catalyst or reaction reasons.

7 Improve Biomass Gas Clean-up Better analytical techniques for the characterization of low levels of syngas contaminants are needed. There is a need for better characterization of the composition of biomass feedstocks including the concentration of catalyst poison precursors for predictive purposes.

8 Improve Biomass Gas Clean-up Since biogas clean-up is so critical to its conversion to fuels, there is a critical need to fund significantly fundamental studies in this area in order to increase our scientific understanding of the area.

9 Improve Syngas Conversion Better characterization and understanding of active sites for CO hydrogenation and chain growth or termination are needed in order to design new catalysts that are active, selective, and stable for biomass syngas conversion. Increase use of computation for multiscale modeling for catalyst design and mechanism delineation. Use computation to improve activity and/or selectivity of catalysts.

10 Improve Syngas Conversion Develop better mechanistic understanding of and microkinetic models for FTS and higher alcohol synthesis. Develop improved FTS catalysts and product upgrading methodologies for potentially new formulations of diesel and jet fuel based on new insights gained from experiment and computation. Develop high yield catalysts for ethanol synthesis.

11 Improve Syngas Conversion Develop more understanding of catalyst deactivation and regeneration issues in syngas conversion. Attrition of currently available high Fe FTS catalysts in an SBCR results in plugging, fouling, difficulty in separating the catalyst from the wax product, and catalyst loss. There is a need for more attrition resistant Fe catalysts.

12 Improve Syngas Conversion Develop economical reactor technologies for syngas conversion based on process intensification, catalyst/reactor integration, and heat management. Develop reactor/catalyst design strategies that enable varying product slates in FTS and higher alcohol synthesis.

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