Contributing authors (including to earlier versions of this chapter) M.A. Emmott, Stephen Richardson and Mike Woodfield

Transcription

1 2.D.2 Fd and drink Categry Title NFR: 2.D.2 Fd and drink SP: ISIC: Versin Guidebk 2009 Bread Wine Beer Spirits Sugar prductin Flur prductin Meat, fish etc. frying / curing Crdinatr Jeren Kuenen Cntributing authrs (including t earlier versins f this chapter) M.A. Emmtt, Stephen Richardsn and Mike Wdfield EMEP/EEA emissin inventry guidebk

2 2.D.2 Fd and drink Cntents 1 Overview Descriptin f surces Prcess descriptin Techniques Emissins Cntrls Methds Chice f methd Tier 1 default apprach Tier 2 technlgy specific apprach Tier 3 emissin mdelling and use f facility data Data quality Cmpleteness Aviding duble cunting with ther sectrs Verificatin Develping a cnsistent time series and recalculatin Uncertainty assessment Inventry quality assurance/quality cntrl QA/QC Gridding Reprting and dcumentatin References Pint f enquiry...24 EMEP/EEA emissin inventry guidebk

3 2.D.2 Fd and drink 1 Overview This chapter addresses NMVOC emissins frm fd and drink manufacturing, except emissins frm vegetable il extractin (it is gd practice t reprt emissins frm this activity in surce categry 3.D.3). Emissins frm fd manufacturing include all prcesses in the fd prductin chain which ccur after the slaughtering f animals and the harvesting f crps. Emissins frm drink manufacturing include the prductin f alchlic beverages, especially wine, beer and spirits. Emissins frm the prductin f ther alchlic drinks are nt cvered in this editin. It is gd practice t include emissins frm the distributin f alchlic beverages. 2 Descriptin f surces 2.1 Prcess descriptin Fd manufacturing may invlve the heating f fats and ils and fdstuffs cntaining them, the baking f cereals, flur and beans, fermentatin in the making f bread, the cking f vegetables and meats, and the drying f residues. These prcesses may ccur in surces varying in size frm dmestic husehlds t manufacturing plants. When making any alchlic beverage, sugar is cnverted int ethanl by yeast. This is fermentatin. The sugar cmes frm fruit, cereals r ther vegetables. These materials may need t be prcesses befre fermentatin. Fr example, in the manufacture f beer, cereals are allwed t germinate, then rasted and biled befre fermentatin. T make spirits, the fermented liquid is then distilled. Alchlic beverages, particularly spirits and wine, may be stred fr a number f years befre cnsumptin. Raw materials Fd & Drink Industry End Prduct Figure 2-1 Prcess scheme fr surce categry 2.D.2 Fd and Drink EMEP/EEA emissin inventry guidebk

4 2.D.2 Fd and drink 2.2 Techniques Fd manufacturing Fd prcessing may ccur in pen vessels withut frced ventilatin, clsed vessels with peridic purge ventilatin r vessels with cntinuus cntrlled discharge t atmsphere. In the larger plants, the discharges may be extremely drus and cnsequently emissin may be cntrlled using end-f-pipe abatement Drink manufacturing Preparatin f feedstck Cereals used in the prductin f beer and sme spirits are usually allwed t germinate befre use. This prcess is called malting, and results in the cnversin f starch int sugars. Germinated cereals may then be rasted. The length f rasting varies depending n the type f grain and the type f beverage t be prduced. Befre fermentatin, cereals are ften biled in water t prduce wrt, which is then filtered t separate ut the slid residues. Grapes and ther fruit used t make alchlic beverages, are pressed t recver their juice, which is filtered t remve slid residues. Red wine is fermented with the grape skins remaining in the vat fr the initial fermentatin. The liquid wine is run ff when the required clur and tannin have been btained, and the remainder f the liquid is btained by pressing. The slid residues may be further prcessed int fd fr animals. Fermentatin Fermentatin ccurs in large fermenting vessels and typically lasts fr frm ne t three days. Sme vessels are sealed, recirculating the carbn dixide. Others, nrmally in smaller plants, vent t atmsphere via a water trap. The yeast strain used fr fermentatin depends n the beverage. The specific gravity f the fermenting mixture is measured regularly as an indicatin f the sugar cntent and thereby the degree f fermentatin. Temperature cntrls may need t be used as mst fermentatin will nly take place at 5-30 C. Distillatin After separating slids frm the fermented prduct, distillatin may be used t recver the alchl and ther vlatile rganic species. Additinal flavurings may be added either befre r after distillatin. Mre than ne stage f distillatin may be used. The final distillate can nw either be diluted t give a standard alchl cntent and bttled, r, in the case f whisky, brandy, sme gins and ther spirits, underg a perid f strage (maturatin) during which the flavur develps. Maturatin Wine is transferred t wden casks after fermentatin. Every 3 mnths the wine is decanted ("racked") frm ne cask t anther t remve the sediment which cllects during maturatin. After maturatin, which may take frm a few weeks t several years, the wine is bttled (Burrughs and Bezzant, 1980). EMEP/EEA emissin inventry guidebk

5 2.D.2 Fd and drink Sme spirits are transferred t wden casks after distillatin. Whisky and brandy are stred fr a minimum f three years (usually lnger). Sme ther spirits, such as gin, may ccasinally be stred fr shrter perids befre sale. The final prduct is diluted t the apprpriate alchl strength and bttled. 2.3 Emissins Fd manufacturing Emissins ccur primarily frm the fllwing surces: the cking f meat fish and pultry, releasing mainly fats and ils and their degradatin prducts; the prcessing f sugar beet and cane and the subsequent refining f sugar; the prcessing f fats and ils t prduce margarine and slid cking fat; the baking f bread, cakes biscuits and breakfast cereals; the prcessing f meat and vegetable by-prducts t prduce animal feeds; the rasting f cffee beans. Where cking r putrefactin is nt invlved, such as the prductin f fresh and frzen fds, emissins are cnsidered negligible. Emissins frm the pasteurisatin f milk and the prductin f cheeses are als cnsidered negligible Drink manufacturing Emissins may ccur during any f the fur stages which may be needed in the prductin f an alchlic beverage. During preparatin f the feedstck, the mst imprtant emissins appear t ccur during the rasting f cereals and the drying f slid residues. During fermentatin, alchl and ther NMVOCs are carried ut with the carbn dixide as it escapes t atmsphere. In sme cases, the carbn dixide may be recvered, reducing the emissin f NMVOC as a result. During the distillatin f fermentatin prducts emissins are t be expected, but very little data is available. Lsses ccur as a result f pr maintenance and the use f ld plant. During maturatin NMVOCs evaprate frm the stred beverage. The mass f emissin will be prprtinal t the length f the maturatin perid. Sme lsses f spirit are t be expected during transfer f spirit t barrels fr strage. The UK Custms & Excise allw fr a maximum lss f 0.1% f alchl prductin (Passant, 1993). 2.4 Cntrls Fr fd manufacturing, cntrl techniques typically invlve incineratin r bilgical treatment, resulting in mre than 90% destructin f NMVOCs. Fr drink manufacturing, techniques fr cntrlling emissins during the drying f residues exist and may invlve cndensers r bi-filters. Few if any cntrl technlgies are knwn fr the evapratin f NMVOCs during maturatin. EMEP/EEA emissin inventry guidebk

6 2.D.2 Fd and drink 3 Methds 3.1 Chice f methd Figure 3-1 presents the prcedure t select the methds fr estimating prcess emissins frm the Fd and Drink Industry. The basic idea is: If detailed infrmatin is available: use it If the surce categry is a key categry, a Tier 2 r better methd must be applied and detailed input data must be cllected. The Decisin Tree directs the user in such cases t the Tier 2 methd, since it is expected that it is mre easy t btain the necessary input data fr this apprach than t cllect facility level data needed fr a Tier 3 estimate The alternative f applying a Tier 3 methd, using detailed prcess mdelling is nt explicitly included in this decisin tree. Hwever, detailed mdelling will always be dne at facility level and results f such mdelling culd be seen as Facility data in the decisin tree. Start Facility data Available? Yes All prductin cvered Yes Use Tier 3 Facility data nly N N Use Tier 3 Facility data & extraplatin Technlgy Stratificatin available? Yes Use Tier 2 technlgy specific activity data and EFs N Key surce? Yes Get technlgy stratified activity data and EFs N Apply Tier 1 default EFs Figure 3-1 Decisin tree fr surce categry 2.D.2 Fd and drink EMEP/EEA emissin inventry guidebk

7 2.D.2 Fd and drink 3.2 Tier 1 default apprach Algrithm The Tier 1 apprach fr prcess emissins frm the fd and drink industry uses the general equatin: E = AR EF (1) pllutant prductin pllutant This equatin is applied at the natinal level, using annual natinal ttal fd and drink prductin. The Tier 1 emissin factrs assume an averaged r typical technlgy and abatement implementatin in the cuntry and integrate all different sub-prcesses in the fd and drink prductin. In cases where specific abatement ptins are t be taken int accunt a Tier 1 methd is nt applicable and a Tier 2 rt Tier 3 apprach must be used Default emissin factrs The Tier 1 apprach needs emissin factrs fr all relevant pllutants. These emissin factrs integrate all sub-prcesses within the industry frm the feed f raw material t the final shipment f the prducts ff site. The default emissin factr fr NMVOC emissins frm fd and drink prductin, as given in Table 3-1, has been derived frm the Tier 2 emissin factrs fr NMVOC presented in an earlier versin f the Guidebk, all recalculated t kg/mg prduct prduced. A very large 95% cnfidence interval has been applied t this factr, because f the variety in the emissin factrs fr the prcesses that are included in this surce categry. Only the prcess emissins are t be taken int accunt in this surce categry. Emissins riginating frm cmbustin activities within the industry are t be reprted in the relevant chapter fr cmbustin (surce categry 1.A.2.e). Table 3-1 Tier 1 emissin factrs fr surce categry 2.D.2 Fd and drink Tier 1 default emissin factrs Name Fd and drink Cde NFR Surce Categry 2.D.2 Nt applicable NOx, CO, SOx, NH3, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, Aldrin, Chlrdane, Chlrdecne, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlr, Heptabrm-biphenyl, Mirex, Txaphene, HCH, DDT, PCB, PCDD/F, Benz(a)pyrene, Benz(b)fluranthene, Benz(k)fluranthene, Inden(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Ttal 4 Nt estimated Pllutant Value Unit 95% cnfidence interval Reference Lwer Upper NMVOC 2 kg/mg prduct prduced Guidebk (2006) Activity data The relevant activity statistics are based n the natinal prductin figures, including: ttal prductin f hme-killed meat, including meat subsequently canned; ttal fish and seafd landed; EMEP/EEA emissin inventry guidebk

8 2.D.2 Fd and drink ttal prductin f pultry meat; ttal sugar prductin; ttal prductin f fats excluding butter; ttal prductin f bread; ttal prductin f cakes, biscuits and breakfast cereals; ttal prductin f cmpund feedstuffs fr cattle, pigs, pultry and ther animals; ttal weight f beans rasted t prduce cffee; ttal prductin f wine; ttal prductin f beer and cider; ttal prductin f spirits. The principal infrmatin surce fr these prductin data will be the cuntry s natinal statistics f prductin. Internatinal statistics fr drink manufacturing activities are als prvided by the Wrld Drink Trends, NTC Publicatins Ltd., ISBN Fr use in Tier 1, the ttal mass f these prducts has t be determined by adding all the prductin figures tgether. 3.3 Tier 2 technlgy specific apprach Algrithm The Tier 2 apprach is similar t the Tier 1 apprach. T apply the Tier 2 apprach, bth the activity data and the emissin factrs need t be stratified accrding t the different techniques that may ccur in the cuntry. In the case f fd and drink prductin, these techniques are the varius kinds f fd and drinks prduced (e.g. bread, sugar, wine, beer). The apprach fllwed t apply a Tier 2 apprach is as fllws: Stratify the fd and drink prductin in the cuntry t mdel the different prduct and prcess types ccurring in the natinal fd and drink industry int the inventry by defining the prductin using each f the separate prduct and/r prcess types (tgether called technlgies in the frmulae belw) separately and applying technlgy specific emissin factrs fr each prcess type: E pllutant = AR technlgy EF prductin, technlgy,pllutant (2) where: technlgies AR prductin,technlgy = the prductin rate within the surce categry, using this specific technlgy EF technlgy,pllutant = the emissin factr fr this technlgy and this pllutant A cuntry where nly ne technlgy is implemented will result in a penetratin factr f 100 % and the algrithm reduces t: EMEP/EEA emissin inventry guidebk

9 2.D.2 Fd and drink E = AR EF (3) pllutant prductin technlgy,pllutant where: E pllutant = the emissin f the specified pllutant AR prductin = the activity rate fr the fd and drink prductin EF pllutant = the emissin factr fr this pllutant The emissin factrs in this apprach still will include all sub-prcesses within the industry between the feeding f raw materials until the prduced fd and drink is shipped t the custmers Technlgy specific emissin factrs This sectin prvides NMVOC emissin factrs fr different fd and drink prducts manufactured in the fd and drink industry. All emissin factrs are taken frm an earlier versin f the Guidebk, and the riginal reference t these factrs is nt always clear. Again, the tables belw nly include emissins frm the prcesses within the industry; emissins frm cmbustin activities are nt included and it is gd practice t reprt these in surce categry 1.A.2.e. This sectin has been split in tw separate parts: the first part discusses the riginal referenced (backgrund) emissin factrs used t derive the default emissin factrs. The latter are presented in the secnd part f this sectin, fr fd as well as fr drinks. It is recmmended t use the prduct-based default emissin factrs in the secnd part f this sectin, relevant activity statistics fr these factrs are mre likely t be available. Emissin factrs presented in this sectin are based n the fllwing assumptins: 0.15 tnne f grain is required t prduce 1 tnne f beer (Passant, 1993). Malt whiskies are typically matured fr ten years. Grain whiskies are typically matured fr six years. It is assumed that brandy is matured fr three years and that ther spirits are nt matured. Beer is cnsidered t be typically 4% alchl by vlume and t weigh 1 tnne per m 3. If n better data is available, spirits are assumed t be 40% alchl by vlume. Alchl (ethanl) has a density f 789 kg/m 3. EMEP/EEA emissin inventry guidebk

10 2.D.2 Fd and drink Backgrund emissin factrs Animal rendering Table 3-2 Tier 2 emissin factrs fr surce categry 2.D.2 Fd and drink, Animal rendering Tier 2 emissin factrs Cde Name 2.D.2 Fd and drink NFR Surce Categry SP (if applicable) Bread Technlgies/Practices Animal rendering Regin r reginal cnditins Abatement technlgies Nt applicable uncntrlled NOx, CO, SOx, NH3, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, Aldrin, Chlrdane, Chlrdecne, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlr, Heptabrm-biphenyl, Mirex, Txaphene, HCH, DDT, PCB, PCDD/F, Benz(a)pyrene, Benz(b)fluranthene, Benz(k)fluranthene, Inden(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Ttal 4 Nt estimated Pllutant Value Unit 95% cnfidence interval Reference Lwer Upper NMVOC 0.33 kg/mg meat Passant (1993) Fish meal prcessing Table 3-3 Tier 2 emissin factrs fr surce categry 2.D.2 Fd and drink, Fish meal prcessing Tier 2 emissin factrs Cde Name 2.D.2 Fd and drink NFR Surce Categry SP (if applicable) Bread Technlgies/Practices Fish meal prcessing Regin r reginal cnditins Abatement technlgies Nt applicable uncntrlled NOx, CO, SOx, NH3, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, Aldrin, Chlrdane, Chlrdecne, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlr, Heptabrm-biphenyl, Mirex, Txaphene, HCH, DDT, PCB, PCDD/F, Benz(a)pyrene, Benz(b)fluranthene, Benz(k)fluranthene, Inden(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Ttal 4 Nt estimated Pllutant Value Unit 95% cnfidence interval Reference Lwer Upper NMVOC 1 kg/mg fish Passant (1993) Grain drying Table 3-4 Tier 2 emissin factrs fr surce categry 2.D.2 Fd and drink, Grain drying Tier 2 emissin factrs Cde Name 2.D.2 Fd and drink NFR Surce Categry SP (if applicable) Bread Technlgies/Practices Grain drying Regin r reginal cnditins Abatement technlgies Nt applicable NOx, CO, SOx, NH3, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, Aldrin, Chlrdane, Chlrdecne, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlr, Heptabrm-biphenyl, Mirex, Txaphene, HCH, DDT, PCB, PCDD/F, Benz(a)pyrene, Benz(b)fluranthene, Benz(k)fluranthene, Inden(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Ttal 4 Nt estimated Pllutant Value Unit 95% cnfidence interval Reference Lwer Upper NMVOC 1.3 kg/mg grain dried US EPA (1985) EMEP/EEA emissin inventry guidebk

11 2.D.2 Fd and drink Barley malting Table 3-5 Tier 2 emissin factrs fr surce categry 2.D.2 Fd and drink, Barley malting Tier 2 emissin factrs Cde Name 2.D.2 Fd and drink NFR Surce Categry SP (if applicable) Wine Technlgies/Practices Barley malting Regin r reginal cnditins Abatement technlgies Nt applicable NOx, CO, SOx, NH3, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, Aldrin, Chlrdane, Chlrdecne, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlr, Heptabrm-biphenyl, Mirex, Txaphene, HCH, DDT, PCB, PCDD/F, Benz(a)pyrene, Benz(b)fluranthene, Benz(k)fluranthene, Inden(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Ttal 4 Nt estimated Pllutant Value Unit 95% cnfidence interval Reference Lwer Upper NMVOC 0.55 kg/mg barley Passant (1993) Hp prcessing Table 3-6 Tier 2 emissin factrs fr surce categry 2.D.2 Fd and drink, Hp prcessing Tier 2 emissin factrs Cde Name 2.D.2 Fd and drink NFR Surce Categry SP (if applicable) Wine Technlgies/Practices Hp prcessing Regin r reginal cnditins Abatement technlgies Nt applicable NOx, CO, SOx, NH3, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, Aldrin, Chlrdane, Chlrdecne, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlr, Heptabrm-biphenyl, Mirex, Txaphene, HCH, DDT, PCB, PCDD/F, Benz(a)pyrene, Benz(b)fluranthene, Benz(k)fluranthene, Inden(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Ttal 4 Nt estimated Pllutant Value Unit 95% cnfidence interval Reference Lwer Upper NMVOC 7.8 g/mg beer UBA (1981) Fermentatin Table 3-7 Tier 2 emissin factrs fr surce categry 2.D.2 Fd and drink, Fermentatin Tier 2 emissin factrs Cde Name 2.D.2 Fd and drink NFR Surce Categry SP (if applicable) Wine Technlgies/Practices Fermentatin Regin r reginal cnditins Abatement technlgies Nt applicable NOx, CO, SOx, NH3, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, Aldrin, Chlrdane, Chlrdecne, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlr, Heptabrm-biphenyl, Mirex, Txaphene, HCH, DDT, PCB, PCDD/F, Benz(a)pyrene, Benz(b)fluranthene, Benz(k)fluranthene, Inden(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Ttal 4 Nt estimated Pllutant Value Unit 95% cnfidence interval Reference Lwer Upper NMVOC 2 kg/mg alchl Passant (1993) EMEP/EEA emissin inventry guidebk

12 2.D.2 Fd and drink Casking Table 3-8 Tier 2 emissin factrs fr surce categry 2.D.2 Fd and drink, Casking Tier 2 emissin factrs Cde Name 2.D.2 Fd and drink NFR Surce Categry SP (if applicable) Technlgies/Practices Casking Regin r reginal cnditins Abatement technlgies Nt applicable Wine NOx, CO, SOx, NH3, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, Aldrin, Chlrdane, Chlrdecne, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlr, Heptabrm-biphenyl, Mirex, Txaphene, HCH, DDT, PCB, PCDD/F, Benz(a)pyrene, Benz(b)fluranthene, Benz(k)fluranthene, Inden(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Ttal 4 Nt estimated Pllutant Value Unit 95% cnfidence interval Reference Lwer Upper NMVOC 0.5 kg/mg alchl Passant (1993) Maturatin Table 3-9 Tier 2 emissin factrs fr surce categry 2.D.2 Fd and drink, Maturatin Tier 2 emissin factrs Cde Name 2.D.2 Fd and drink NFR Surce Categry SP (if applicable) Technlgies/Practices Maturatin Regin r reginal cnditins Abatement technlgies Nt applicable Wine NOx, CO, SOx, NH3, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, Aldrin, Chlrdane, Chlrdecne, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlr, Heptabrm-biphenyl, Mirex, Txaphene, HCH, DDT, PCB, PCDD/F, Benz(a)pyrene, Benz(b)fluranthene, Benz(k)fluranthene, Inden(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Ttal 4 Nt estimated Pllutant Value Unit 95% cnfidence interval Reference Lwer Upper NMVOC 20 kg/mg alchl Passant (1993) Handling f prducts Table 3-10 NFR Surce Categry SP (if applicable) Technlgies/Practices Regin r reginal cnditins Abatement technlgies Nt applicable Tier 2 emissin factrs fr surce categry 2.D.2 Fd and drink, Maturatin Cde 2.D.2 Tier 2 emissin factrs Name Fd and drink Handling f agricultural prducts (grains, sja) uncntrlled NOx, CO, SOx, NH3, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, Aldrin, Chlrdane, Chlrdecne, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlr, Heptabrm-biphenyl, Mirex, Txaphene, HCH, DDT, PCB, PCDD/F, Benz(a)pyrene, Benz(b)fluranthene, Benz(k)fluranthene, Inden(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Ttal 4 Nt estimated NMVOC, TSP, PM2.5 Pllutant Value Unit 95% cnfidence interval Reference Lwer Upper PM10 24 g/tn 8 70 Vrins (1999) EMEP/EEA emissin inventry guidebk

13 2.D.2 Fd and drink Default emissin factrs based n prducts: fd This subsectin present the Tier 2 emissin factrs fr the fd prducts based n the prducts prduced. These are expected t be mre useful than the backgrund emissin factrs presented in sectin fr estimating the natinal ttals, because better activity statistics will be available fr these factrs. Bread (typical) Table 3-11 Tier 2 emissin factrs fr surce categry 2.D.2 Fd and drink, Bread (typical) Tier 2 emissin factrs Cde Name 2.D.2 Fd and drink NFR Surce Categry SP (if applicable) Technlgies/Practices Regin r reginal cnditins Abatement technlgies Nt applicable Bread, typical Eurpe Bread NOx, CO, SOx, NH3, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, Aldrin, Chlrdane, Chlrdecne, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlr, Heptabrm-biphenyl, Mirex, Txaphene, HCH, DDT, PCB, PCDD/F, Benz(a)pyrene, Benz(b)fluranthene, Benz(k)fluranthene, Inden(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Ttal 4 Nt estimated Pllutant Value Unit 95% cnfidence interval Reference Lwer Upper NMVOC 4.5 kg/mg bread Guidebk (2006) Table 3-12 Tier 2 emissin factrs fr surce categry 2.D.2 Fd and drink, Bread (typical) Tier 2 emissin factrs Cde Name 2.D.2 Fd and drink NFR Surce Categry SP (if applicable) Technlgies/Practices Regin r reginal cnditins Abatement technlgies Nt applicable Bread, typical Nrth America Bread NOx, CO, SOx, NH3, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, Aldrin, Chlrdane, Chlrdecne, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlr, Heptabrm-biphenyl, Mirex, Txaphene, HCH, DDT, PCB, PCDD/F, Benz(a)pyrene, Benz(b)fluranthene, Benz(k)fluranthene, Inden(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Ttal 4 Nt estimated Pllutant Value Unit 95% cnfidence interval Reference Lwer Upper NMVOC 8 kg/mg bread Guidebk (2006) EMEP/EEA emissin inventry guidebk

14 2.D.2 Fd and drink Spnge-dugh bread It is nt typical t use the spnge dugh prcess in the manufacturing f bread in Eurpe. Fr cmpleteness hwever, the default emissin factrs are presented here anyway. Table 3-13 Tier 2 emissin factrs fr surce categry 2.D.2 Fd and drink, Spnge-dugh Tier 2 emissin factrs Cde Name 2.D.2 Fd and drink NFR Surce Categry SP (if applicable) Bread Technlgies/Practices Spnge-dugh bread Regin r reginal cnditins Abatement technlgies Nt applicable NOx, CO, SOx, NH3, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, Aldrin, Chlrdane, Chlrdecne, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlr, Heptabrm-biphenyl, Mirex, Txaphene, HCH, DDT, PCB, PCDD/F, Benz(a)pyrene, Benz(b)fluranthene, Benz(k)fluranthene, Inden(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Ttal 4 Nt estimated Pllutant Value Unit 95% cnfidence interval Reference Lwer Upper NMVOC 8 kg/mg bread Hendersn (1977) White bread Table 3-14 NFR Surce Categry Tier 2 emissin factrs fr surce categry 2.D.2 Fd and drink, White bread Cde 2.D.2 Tier 2 emissin factrs Name Fd and drink SP (if applicable) Bread Technlgies/Practices Regin r reginal cnditins Abatement technlgies White bread Nt applicable NOx, CO, SOx, NH3, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, Aldrin, Chlrdane, Chlrdecne, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlr, Heptabrm-biphenyl, Mirex, Txaphene, HCH, DDT, PCB, PCDD/F, Benz(a)pyrene, Benz(b)fluranthene, Benz(k)fluranthene, Inden(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Ttal 4 Nt estimated Pllutant Value Unit 95% cnfidence interval Reference Lwer Upper NMVOC 4.5 kg/mg bread Buscaren (1992) EMEP/EEA emissin inventry guidebk

15 2.D.2 Fd and drink Table 3-15 Tier 2 emissin factrs fr surce categry 2.D.2 Fd and drink, White bread (shrtened prcess) NFR Surce Categry Cde 2.D.2 Tier 2 emissin factrs Name Fd and drink SP (if applicable) Bread Technlgies/Practices Regin r reginal cnditins Abatement technlgies White bread Nt applicable NOx, CO, SOx, NH3, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, Aldrin, Chlrdane, Chlrdecne, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlr, Heptabrm-biphenyl, Mirex, Txaphene, HCH, DDT, PCB, PCDD/F, Benz(a)pyrene, Benz(b)fluranthene, Benz(k)fluranthene, Inden(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Ttal 4 Nt estimated Pllutant Value Unit 95% cnfidence interval Reference Lwer Upper NMVOC 2 kg/mg bread Buscaren (1992) Whlemeal bread Table 3-16 NFR Surce Categry Tier 2 emissin factrs fr surce categry 2.D.2 Fd and drink, Whlemeal bread Cde 2.D.2 Tier 2 emissin factrs Name Fd and drink SP (if applicable) Bread Technlgies/Practices Whlemeal bread Regin r reginal cnditins Abatement technlgies Nt applicable NOx, CO, SOx, NH3, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, Aldrin, Chlrdane, Chlrdecne, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlr, Heptabrm-biphenyl, Mirex, Txaphene, HCH, DDT, PCB, PCDD/F, Benz(a)pyrene, Benz(b)fluranthene, Benz(k)fluranthene, Inden(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Ttal 4 Nt estimated Pllutant Value Unit 95% cnfidence interval Reference Lwer Upper NMVOC 3 kg/mg bread 1 9 Buscaren (1992) Light Rye bread Table 3-17 NFR Surce Categry Tier 2 emissin factrs fr surce categry 2.D.2 Fd and drink, Light Rye bread Cde 2.D.2 Tier 2 emissin factrs Name Fd and drink SP (if applicable) Bread Technlgies/Practices Light Rye bread Regin r reginal cnditins Abatement technlgies Nt applicable NOx, CO, SOx, NH3, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, Aldrin, Chlrdane, Chlrdecne, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlr, Heptabrm-biphenyl, Mirex, Txaphene, HCH, DDT, PCB, PCDD/F, Benz(a)pyrene, Benz(b)fluranthene, Benz(k)fluranthene, Inden(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Ttal 4 Nt estimated Pllutant Value Unit 95% cnfidence interval Reference Lwer Upper NMVOC 3 kg/mg bread 1 9 Buscaren (1992) EMEP/EEA emissin inventry guidebk

16 2.D.2 Fd and drink Cakes, biscuits and breakfast cereals Table 3-18 Tier 2 emissin factrs fr surce categry 2.D.2 Fd and drink, Cakes, biscuits and breakfast cereals Tier 2 emissin factrs Name Fd and drink Cde NFR Surce Categry 2.D.2 SP (if applicable) Bread Technlgies/Practices Cakes, biscuits and breakfast cereals Regin r reginal cnditins Abatement technlgies Nt applicable NOx, CO, SOx, NH3, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, Aldrin, Chlrdane, Chlrdecne, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlr, Heptabrm-biphenyl, Mirex, Txaphene, HCH, DDT, PCB, PCDD/F, Benz(a)pyrene, Benz(b)fluranthene, Benz(k)fluranthene, Inden(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Ttal 4 Nt estimated Pllutant Value Unit 95% cnfidence interval Reference Lwer Upper NMVOC 1 kg/mg prduct Guidebk (2006) Meat, fish and pultry Table 3-19 Tier 2 emissin factrs fr surce categry 2.D.2 Fd and drink, Meat, fish and pultry Tier 2 emissin factrs Name Fd and drink Cde NFR Surce Categry 2.D.2 SP (if applicable) Meat, fish etc. frying / curing Technlgies/Practices Meat, fish and pultry Regin r reginal cnditins Abatement technlgies Nt applicable NOx, CO, SOx, NH3, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, Aldrin, Chlrdane, Chlrdecne, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlr, Heptabrm-biphenyl, Mirex, Txaphene, HCH, DDT, PCB, PCDD/F, Benz(a)pyrene, Benz(b)fluranthene, Benz(k)fluranthene, Inden(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Ttal 4 Nt estimated Pllutant Value Unit 95% cnfidence interval Reference Lwer Upper NMVOC 0.3 kg/mg prduct Guidebk (2006) Sugar Table 3-20 Tier 2 emissin factrs fr surce categry 2.D.2 Fd and drink, Sugar Cde NFR Surce Categry 2.D.2 SP (if applicable) Technlgies/Practices Sugar Regin r reginal cnditins Abatement technlgies Nt applicable Tier 2 emissin factrs Name Fd and drink Sugar prductin NOx, CO, SOx, NH3, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, Aldrin, Chlrdane, Chlrdecne, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlr, Heptabrm-biphenyl, Mirex, Txaphene, HCH, DDT, PCB, PCDD/F, Benz(a)pyrene, Benz(b)fluranthene, Benz(k)fluranthene, Inden(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Ttal 4 Nt estimated Pllutant Value Unit 95% cnfidence interval Reference Lwer Upper NMVOC 10 kg/mg sugar Guidebk (2006) EMEP/EEA emissin inventry guidebk

17 2.D.2 Fd and drink Margarine and slid cking fats Table 3-21 NFR Surce Categry Tier 2 emissin factrs fr surce categry 2.D.2 Fd and drink, Margarine and slid cking fats Cde 2.D.2 Tier 2 emissin factrs Name Fd and drink SP (if applicable) Technlgies/Practices Regin r reginal cnditins Abatement technlgies Nt applicable Nt estimated Margarine and slid cking fats NOx, CO, SOx, NH3, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, Aldrin, Chlrdane, Chlrdecne, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlr, Heptabrm-biphenyl, Mirex, Txaphene, HCH, DDT, PCB, PCDD/F, Benz(a)pyrene, Benz(b)fluranthene, Benz(k)fluranthene, Inden(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Ttal 4 Pllutant Value Unit 95% cnfidence interval Reference Lwer Upper NMVOC 10 kg/mg prduct Guidebk (2006) Animal feed Table 3-22 NFR Surce Categry SP (if applicable) Technlgies/Practices Regin r reginal cnditins Abatement technlgies Nt applicable Tier 2 emissin factrs fr surce categry 2.D.2 Fd and drink, Animal feed Cde 2.D.2 Animal feed Tier 2 emissin factrs Name Fd and drink NOx, CO, SOx, NH3, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, Aldrin, Chlrdane, Chlrdecne, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlr, Heptabrm-biphenyl, Mirex, Txaphene, HCH, DDT, PCB, PCDD/F, Benz(a)pyrene, Benz(b)fluranthene, Benz(k)fluranthene, Inden(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Ttal 4 Nt estimated Pllutant Value Unit 95% cnfidence interval Reference Lwer Upper NMVOC 1 kg/mg feed Guidebk (2006) Cffee rasting Table 3-23 NFR Surce Categry Tier 2 emissin factrs fr surce categry 2.D.2 Fd and drink, Cffee rasting Tier 2 emissin factrs Cde Name 2.D.2 Fd and drink SP (if applicable) Technlgies/Practices Cffee rasting Regin r reginal cnditins Abatement technlgies Nt applicable NOx, CO, SOx, NH3, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, Aldrin, Chlrdane, Chlrdecne, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlr, Heptabrm-biphenyl, Mirex, Txaphene, HCH, DDT, PCB, PCDD/F, Benz(a)pyrene, Benz(b)fluranthene, Benz(k)fluranthene, Inden(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Ttal 4 Nt estimated Pllutant Value Unit 95% cnfidence interval Reference Lwer Upper NMVOC 0.55 kg/mg beans Rentz et al. (1991) EMEP/EEA emissin inventry guidebk

18 2.D.2 Fd and drink Default emissin factrs based n prducts: drinks This subsectin present the Tier 2 emissin factrs fr alchlic beverages based n the prducts prduced. These are expected t be mre useful than the backgrund emissin factrs presented in sectin fr estimating the natinal ttals, because better activity statistics will be available fr these factrs. Wine Table 3-24 Tier 2 emissin factrs fr surce categry 2.D.2 Fd and drink, Wine Tier 2 emissin factrs Cde Name 2.D.2 Fd and drink NFR Surce Categry SP (if applicable) Technlgies/Practices Wine Wine unspecified clur Regin r reginal cnditins Abatement technlgies Nt applicable NOx, CO, SOx, NH3, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, Aldrin, Chlrdane, Chlrdecne, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlr, Heptabrm-biphenyl, Mirex, Txaphene, HCH, DDT, PCB, PCDD/F, Benz(a)pyrene, Benz(b)fluranthene, Benz(k)fluranthene, Inden(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Ttal 4 Nt estimated Pllutant Value Unit 95% cnfidence interval Reference Lwer Upper NMVOC 0.08 kg/hl wine Guidebk (2006) Table 3-25 Tier 2 emissin factrs fr surce categry 2.D.2 Fd and drink, Red Wine Tier 2 emissin factrs Cde Name 2.D.2 Fd and drink NFR Surce Categry SP (if applicable) Technlgies/Practices Red whine Regin r reginal cnditins Abatement technlgies Nt applicable Wine NOx, CO, SOx, NH3, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, Aldrin, Chlrdane, Chlrdecne, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlr, Heptabrm-biphenyl, Mirex, Txaphene, HCH, DDT, PCB, PCDD/F, Benz(a)pyrene, Benz(b)fluranthene, Benz(k)fluranthene, Inden(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Ttal 4 Nt estimated Pllutant Value Unit 95% cnfidence interval Reference Lwer Upper NMVOC 0.08 kg/hl wine Guidebk (2006) EMEP/EEA emissin inventry guidebk

19 2.D.2 Fd and drink Table 3-26 Tier 2 emissin factrs fr surce categry 2.D.2 Fd and drink, White Wine Tier 2 emissin factrs Cde Name 2.D.2 Fd and drink NFR Surce Categry SP (if applicable) Wine Technlgies/Practices White wine Regin r reginal cnditins Abatement technlgies Nt applicable NOx, CO, SOx, NH3, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, Aldrin, Chlrdane, Chlrdecne, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlr, Heptabrm-biphenyl, Mirex, Txaphene, HCH, DDT, PCB, PCDD/F, Benz(a)pyrene, Benz(b)fluranthene, Benz(k)fluranthene, Inden(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Ttal 4 Nt estimated Pllutant Value Unit 95% cnfidence interval Reference Lwer Upper NMVOC kg/hl wine Guidebk (2006) Beer Table 3-27 Tier 2 emissin factrs fr surce categry 2.D.2 Fd and drink, Beer Tier 2 emissin factrs Cde Name 2.D.2 Fd and drink NFR Surce Categry SP (if applicable) Beer Technlgies/Practices Beer (including de-alchlized) Regin r reginal cnditins Abatement technlgies Nt applicable NOx, CO, SOx, NH3, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, Aldrin, Chlrdane, Chlrdecne, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlr, Heptabrm-biphenyl, Mirex, Txaphene, HCH, DDT, PCB, PCDD/F, Benz(a)pyrene, Benz(b)fluranthene, Benz(k)fluranthene, Inden(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Ttal 4 Nt estimated Pllutant Value Unit 95% cnfidence interval Reference Lwer Upper NMVOC kg/hl beer Guidebk (2006) Spirits Table 3-28 Tier 2 emissin factrs fr surce categry 2.D.2 Fd and drink, Spirits Tier 2 emissin factrs Cde Name 2.D.2 Fd and drink NFR Surce Categry SP (if applicable) Technlgies/Practices Spirits Regin r reginal cnditins Abatement technlgies Nt applicable Spirits NOx, CO, SOx, NH3, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, Aldrin, Chlrdane, Chlrdecne, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlr, Heptabrm-biphenyl, Mirex, Txaphene, HCH, DDT, PCB, PCDD/F, Benz(a)pyrene, Benz(b)fluranthene, Benz(k)fluranthene, Inden(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Ttal 4 Nt estimated Pllutant Value Unit 95% cnfidence interval Reference Lwer Upper NMVOC 15 kg/hl alchl Guidebk (2006) EMEP/EEA emissin inventry guidebk

20 2.D.2 Fd and drink Malt whisky Table 3-29 Tier 2 emissin factrs fr surce categry 2.D.2 Fd and drink, Malt Whisky Tier 2 emissin factrs Cde Name 2.D.2 Fd and drink NFR Surce Categry SP (if applicable) Spirits Technlgies/Practices Malt whisky Regin r reginal cnditins Abatement technlgies Nt applicable NOx, CO, SOx, NH3, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, Aldrin, Chlrdane, Chlrdecne, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlr, Heptabrm-biphenyl, Mirex, Txaphene, HCH, DDT, PCB, PCDD/F, Benz(a)pyrene, Benz(b)fluranthene, Benz(k)fluranthene, Inden(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Ttal 4 Nt estimated Pllutant Value Unit 95% cnfidence interval Reference Lwer Upper NMVOC 15 kg/hl alchl Guidebk (2006) Grain whisky Table 3-30 Tier 2 emissin factrs fr surce categry 2.D.2 Fd and drink, Grain Whisky Tier 2 emissin factrs Cde Name 2.D.2 Fd and drink NFR Surce Categry SP (if applicable) Spirits Technlgies/Practices Grain whisky Regin r reginal cnditins Abatement technlgies Nt applicable NOx, CO, SOx, NH3, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, Aldrin, Chlrdane, Chlrdecne, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlr, Heptabrm-biphenyl, Mirex, Txaphene, HCH, DDT, PCB, PCDD/F, Benz(a)pyrene, Benz(b)fluranthene, Benz(k)fluranthene, Inden(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Ttal 4 Nt estimated Pllutant Value Unit 95% cnfidence interval Reference Lwer Upper NMVOC 7.5 kg/hl alchl Guidebk (2006) Brandy Table 3-31 Tier 2 emissin factrs fr surce categry 2.D.2 Fd and drink, Brandy Tier 2 emissin factrs Cde Name 2.D.2 Fd and drink NFR Surce Categry SP (if applicable) Technlgies/Practices Brandy Regin r reginal cnditins Abatement technlgies Nt applicable Spirits NOx, CO, SOx, NH3, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, Aldrin, Chlrdane, Chlrdecne, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlr, Heptabrm-biphenyl, Mirex, Txaphene, HCH, DDT, PCB, PCDD/F, Benz(a)pyrene, Benz(b)fluranthene, Benz(k)fluranthene, Inden(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Ttal 4 Nt estimated Pllutant Value Unit 95% cnfidence interval Reference Lwer Upper NMVOC 3.5 kg/hl alchl Guidebk (2006) EMEP/EEA emissin inventry guidebk

21 2.D.2 Fd and drink Other spirits Table 3-32 Tier 2 emissin factrs fr surce categry 2.D.2 Fd and drink, Other spirits Tier 2 emissin factrs Cde Name 2.D.2 Fd and drink NFR Surce Categry SP (if applicable) Spirits Technlgies/Practices Other spirits Regin r reginal cnditins Abatement technlgies Nt applicable NOx, CO, SOx, NH3, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, Aldrin, Chlrdane, Chlrdecne, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlr, Heptabrm-biphenyl, Mirex, Txaphene, HCH, DDT, PCB, PCDD/F, Benz(a)pyrene, Benz(b)fluranthene, Benz(k)fluranthene, Inden(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Ttal 4 Nt estimated Pllutant Value Unit 95% cnfidence interval Reference Lwer Upper NMVOC 0.4 kg/hl alchl Guidebk (2006) Abatement A number f add n technlgies exist that are aimed at reducing the emissins f specific pllutants. The resulting emissin can be calculated by replacing the technlgy specific emissin factr with an abated emissin factr as given in the frmula: EF technlgy, abated ( 1 abatement ) EFtechnlgy, unabated = η (4) Fr the activities in the fd industry, it is assumed that abatement equipment reduces the emissins by 90% (Guidebk, 2006). Hwever, n specificatin f the equipment is given. N further infrmatin is available n abatement efficiencies f reductin measures in the fd and drink industry Activity data The relevant activity statistics are based n the natinal prductin figures, including: ttal prductin f hme-killed meat, including meat subsequently canned; ttal fish and seafd landed; ttal prductin f pultry meat; ttal sugar prductin; ttal prductin f fats excluding butter; ttal prductin f bread; ttal prductin f cakes, biscuits and breakfast cereals; ttal prductin f cmpund feedstuffs fr cattle, pigs, pultry and ther animals; ttal weight f beans rasted t prduce cffee; ttal prductin f wine; ttal prductin f beer and cider; ttal prductin f spirits. EMEP/EEA emissin inventry guidebk

22 2.D.2 Fd and drink The principal infrmatin surce fr these prductin data will be the cuntry s natinal statistics f prductin. Internatinal statistics fr drink manufacturing activities are als prvided by the Wrld Drink Trends, NTC Publicatins Ltd, ISBN Tier 3 emissin mdelling and use f facility data Tier 3 is nt available fr this surce categry. 4 Data quality 4.1 Cmpleteness N specific issues. 4.2 Aviding duble cunting with ther sectrs N specific issues. 4.3 Verificatin Best Available Technique emissin factrs There is a BREF dcument available fr the Fd and Drink industry (Eurpean Cmmissin, 2006). Hwever, this dcument nly describes BAT fr this sectr and des nt suggest numerical values fr the emissins. 4.4 Develping a cnsistent time series and recalculatin N specific issues fr Tier 1 and 2 Fr Tier 3 using facility level data, it might ccur that a different selectin f facility level data is included in different years. This can lead t time series incnsistencies. Mrever, PRTR data generally are available fr specific years nly. Splicing such recent reprted data under EPRTR/EPER with histrical data culd be used t get cnsistent time series. Splicing culd be used fr bth the activity data and the cuntry specific emissin factrs. Unexpected discntinuities in time series can ccur when specific fd and drink wrks cme int peratin r are clsed in specific years. If this happens, it is gd practice t clearly dcument such explanatins in the inventry archives. 4.5 Uncertainty assessment Uncertainties in the emissins frm the prductin f fd and drink are generally expected t be greater than a factr f 2. All Tier 1 and Tier 2 emissin factrs prvided in this Guidebk have a 95% cnfidence interval with them. The uncertainty in emissins frm spirits will als be greater than a factr f 2 unless the type f spirit prduced is identified. If this is the case, then the uncertainty in emissins frm spirits will be less than a factr f 2. EMEP/EEA emissin inventry guidebk

23 2.D.2 Fd and drink Emissin factr uncertainties N specific issues Activity data uncertainties N specific issues 4.6 Inventry quality assurance/quality cntrl QA/QC N specific issues 4.7 Gridding Fr fd prcessing, majr facilities may be identified and natinal emissins culd be disaggregated based n plant capacity r emplyment. Fr the emissins remaining, it is gd practice t disaggregate data by ppulatin. The manufacture f mst beverages is assciated with particular regins f a cuntry. The lwest level f accuracy is btained by disaggregating the net emissin accrding t ppulatin density. Greater accuracy is achieved by identifying regins where particular beverages are prduced and cnfining the distributin f emissins t thse regins. 4.8 Reprting and dcumentatin N specific issues 5 References Buscaren, M.R. (1992), Cmmissin f the Eurpean Cmmunity Crinair Inventry Default Emissin Factrs Handbk, CITEPA Burrughs D. and Bezzant N. (1980), The New Wine Cmpanin. Published n behalf f the Wine and Spirit Educatin Trust Ltd by William Heinmann Ltd, Lndn. ISBN Eurpean Cmmissin (2006), Integrated Pllutin Preventin and Cntrl (IPPC), Reference Dcument n Best Available Techniques (BREF) in the Fd, Drink and Milk Industries, August Guidebk (2006), EMEP/CORIIR Emissin Inventry Guidebk, versin 4 (2006 editin), published by the Eurpean Envirnmental Agency, Technical reprt N. 11/2006, available via Hendersn, D.C. (1977), Cmmercial Bakeries as a Majr Surce f Reactive Vlatile Organic Gases, U.S. Envirnmental Prtectin Agency, Regin XI Surveillance and Analysis Divisin Passant, N.P. (1993), Emissins f Vlatile Organic Cmpunds frm Statinary Surces in the United Kingdm - A Review f Emissin Factrs by Species and Prcess, Warren Spring Labratry. UBA (1981) Umweltbundesamt, 'Luftreinhaltung '81', UBA, Berlin, Germany. EMEP/EEA emissin inventry guidebk

24 2.D.2 Fd and drink United States Envirnmental Prtectin Agency (1985), Cmpilatin f Air Pllutant Emissin Factrs, Vlume 1 Statinary Pint and Area Surces, 4th d. US EPA AP42, September Vrins, E. (1999), Fijnstf-emissies bij p- en verslag, Rapprt Vr008, Randwijk (in Dutch). 6 Pint f enquiry Enquiries cncerning this chapter shuld be directed t the relevant leader(s) f the Task Frce n Emissin Inventries and Prjectin s expert panel n cmbustin and industry. Please refer t the TFEIP website ( fr the cntact details f the current expert panel leaders. EMEP/EEA emissin inventry guidebk