Element B3 LEV Systems
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1 LEV Systems
2 Ventilation Natural or Mechanical COSHH Extract Ventilation Important control strategy Exposure to dust, fumes, mists, vapours, gases LEV Remove contaminant at source
3 Local Exhaust Ventilation Components of a basic system Inlet Where air is drawn in from atmosphere of workplace, along with airborne contaminant. Hood Shaped to collect airborne contaminants, encourage them to flow through the inlet into the ducting. May be part of booth, canopy, cabinet, other enclosure. Ducts Carry airborne contaminants away from capture points Contains bends, junctions, dampers etc
4 Local Exhaust Ventilation Components of a basic system Air cleaner Filter and clean extracted air Dust filter, wet scrubber, solvent recovery device Remove mists, gases, vapours. Air mover Moves air through the system Usually a fan, or compressed air venturi. Must be right size and type to provide negative pressure (suction)
5 Local Exhaust Ventilation Components of a basic system Discharge Safe release of cleaned, extracted air into atmosphere. May be back into work room via diffuser, grille, open duct External to workplace via stack Specific components depend on contaminant and safe disposal
6 Effective LEV Correct design is important Successful control of contaminants may require modification of plant or layout to accommodate design Consider HSE guidance and legislation When arranging installation Pre and post ventilation contamination levels are specified Required reduction should be part of the commissioning contract Sound knowledge of processes, substances, plant, working methods and environmental factors May require more than one type of system
7 Mini On-tool extraction, portable Midi Effective LEV Fume extraction used by welders, air filtered and returned to workplace Local extraction Maxi Several inlets located close to the contaminant, air discharged to atmosphere Comprehensive workplace extraction Number of workrooms and operations, air removed to a central point where it is cleaned and released to atmosphere
8 Effective LEV Correct design of air inflow systems influence overall effectiveness Process plant should be interlocked LEV always works with process LEV gives warning of defective operation Must not introduce other problems noise etc
9 Effective LEV Hood design Confine or enclose contaminant and allow for access for maintenance and inspection Enclosing Hoods Complete or partial enclosure around contaminant Receptor hoods Direct contaminants into inlet E.g. thermal air movement
10 Effective LEV Captor hoods Contaminants that would not naturally move into inlet Positioned in line with normal contaminant travel Rim / lip extraction Downdraught tables LVHV (low volume high velocity) systems Keep close to contaminant distance effects efficiency Flanges Should be provided to eliminate air being drawn from behind hood 25% reduction in airflow for successful capture Width of flange should not exceed 150mm
11 Effective LEV Capture velocity of air Velocity of air moving into inlet If actual velocity of air movement drops below capture velocity of contaminant, LEV will be ineffective. Depends on Types of processes involved Characteristics of contaminant velocity and mass Mode of dispersion Distance from captor to contaminant Extent gravity may assist capture
12 Effective LEV Transport velocity of air Minimum air velocity to move contaminant in the air stream the required distance through the system If not maintained, particles will fall out of air stream. High enough velocity to prevent settlement Low enough to minimise duct losses and fan power consumption
13 Air cleaners Effective LEV Type depends on nature of contaminant. Examples used to collect dust and fumes include: Wet collectors Fabric filters Cyclone filters Electrostatic precipitators Mists, gases, vapours wide range of devices and systems Scrubbers etc.
14 Factors That Reduce LEV Effectiveness Draughts in the workroom Hood design Distance of hood from source Damaged ducting leaks air drawn in or unwanted discharge Too many inlets open at once loss of suction Unauthorised alterations Process changes Levels increased Fan strength / velocity achieved Incorrect adjustments of fans Sharp bends on ducts slows down air and encourages deposition of contaminants Blocked / defective filters
15 Dilution Ventilation General ventilation Natural air movement through doors / windows Mechanical air movement to dilute contaminated air Reduces or eliminates airborne pollutants Does not target specific sources Best suited with nuisance contaminants that air mobile in air Will not prevent contaminants entering persons breathing zone
16 Dilution Ventilation Designed to induce general flow of clean air into work area Driving air into area Causing air flow around area Simplest form: Open window and door allow flow of air to dilute aorkplace air Only used: Non-toxic, not dusts When there is no other practical means
17 Visual, Qualitative Inspection General Points All controls require monitoring and maintaining to ensure effectiveness and efficiency. Statutory obligations Comply with WEL s Provision of info to employees Indicate the need for health surveillance Insurance purposes Develop in-house exposure standards
18 Visual, Qualitative Inspection Initial commissioning inspection / thorough examination To ensure design criteria has been achieved (before use) Regular monitoring inspection / thorough examination To ensure design parameters are still being met (in use)
19 Visual, Qualitative Inspection Qualitative inspection Visual inspection Smoke tests with system running High intensity lamp observation for dust or mist contaminants Observation of contamination sources and worker activities
20 Visual, Qualitative Inspection Visual inspection Competent person periodically inspect ventilation used as engineering control for any irregularities or defects. Frequency will depend on criticality of control and conditions of use that could cause degradation Check for damage, leaks, corrosion Any part or component All auxiliary supplies cables, switches etc. Significant dust deposits at entrances may indicate inadequate extraction
21 Visual, Qualitative Inspection Smoke Tubes Produce small amount of non-toxic white smoke as a single cloud. Smoke patterns observed and direction of flow to assess air flow movements Tests for leaks
22 Visual, Qualitative Inspection Dust Lamp Powerful beam of light Dust particles within respirable range (<10micrometers) become visible to naked eye Tyndall Effect Does not indicate exact qty of dust only qualitative assessment Used near capture source and to check leaks along path of travel Range of bulbs up to 2000w
23 Quantitative Inspection Methods Measure air flow rates at various points Measure static pressure in various parts Fan speed Motor speed Power consumption
24 Quantitative Inspection Measuring air velocity Hot wire anemometer Swinging vane anemometer Rotating vane anemometer
25 Quantitative Inspection Hot wire anemometer Most well used thermal anemometer Measures a fluid (air) velocity by noting heat reduction in the wire Heat lost due to velocity is converted to fluid velocity using convective theory Fragile equipment best used for clean flows or test conditions rather than actual operation
26 Quantitative Inspection Swinging Vane Anemometer A box containing a hinged vane Air passes through the box and deflects the vane Measurement achieved by reproducing movement on a pointer / scale
27 Quantitative Inspection Rotating Vane Anemometer Series of light vanes mounted on a spindle (like a fan) Counter only records linear air movement in a given period of time.
28 Capture Velocity The air speed necessary to overcome opposing air currents and draw contaminant into hood or intake Depends on mass of particles being captured, air currents outside the hood, thermal prop of cont, velocity of particles relative to hood flow Measurements taken in the zone of capture Area around intake visualised by using smoke tube Before taking readings observe and record conditions Windows, room heating, ventilation, ac, traffic, movement of people, storage around system
29 Capture Velocity Velocity measuring meters probe should be placed at various locations around duct inlet Compare readings with design parameter requirements Deviations should be noted and investigated
30 Transport Velocity Speed at which air is transported through the ducting Measured at a number of points inside ducting in normal operation
31 Static Pressures Air inside container presses outward, creating pressure on the walls Static Pressure Measured using manometer Measures absolute pressure inside system Compares with atmospheric pressure Difference is Static Pressure Useful indicator of how much negative pressure the fans are creating How effective they are Overly high static pressure indicates not enough inlets in system
32 Statutory Requirements Use of LEV COSHH Reg 7 Exposure of employees to substances prevented or where not Reasonably practicable, adequately controlled. Schedule 3 COSHH Special requirements relating to biological agents COSHH ACOP Para 33 Ways in which control can be achieved Specific mention of enclosure, partial enclosure, LEV, sufficient ventilation
33 Statutory Requirements Maint, Examination and Testing of LEV COSHH Reg 9 Any control to comply with reg 7 must be maintained in an efficient state, efficient working order, good repair, clean condition. Examined and tested at least every 14 months More frequently for uses specified in Schedule 4 Records shall be kept Reg 8 And of details of repairs For 5 years Duty on employee to use LEV provided and report any defects
34 Statutory Requirements Maint, Examination and Testing of LEV COSHH and MHSWR Require those who carry out duties under these regs are competent to do so.
35 Statutory Requirements Other Regulations MHSWR Require employer to make appropriate arrangements for effective planning, org, control, monitor and review of prev and prot measures Includes LEV systems
36 Statutory Requirements Other Regulations CAR 2006 CLAW 2002 Specific requirement for provision, maint, examination of LEV Workplace Regs1992 Require maint of general ventilation systems
37 Emissions to Atmosphere Design should take into consideration any exhaust materials from LEV. Discharges should not be positioned in area of any other intake systems, or neighbouring property, public spaces Permits required if intending to discharge contaminated air into atmosphere Seek permissions before design / installation
38 Air Cleaning Devices Removes contaminants from air stream to enable it to be returned to workplace or external atmosphere Type must be matched to nature of contaminant Filters, scrubbers, condensation units
39 Statutory Requirements Other Regulations MHSWR Require employer to make appropriate arrangements for effective planning, org, control, monitor and review of prev and prot measures Includes LEV systems
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