Chiang Mai University. June 14, 2008

Transcription

1 Chiang Mai University June 14,

2 Presentation today Current water status Impact of climate change Current water issues Flooding Water allocation Water pollution Recommendation 2

3 Water Status Asia has greater water withdrawal than any other parts of the world. 3

4 Water Status Irrigation takes 80-90% of total withdrawal. 4

5 Water Status Population growth, commercial agriculture, urbanization and industrialization further place greater demand for water. 5

6 Excessive ground water withdrawal has led to land subsidence in large cities and saline water intrusion 6

7 Actual Renewable Water Resources Total, (km3) Per Capita, 2007 (m3/person/year) Region World Asia (excluding Middle 54, ,209.9 East) 14, ,947.6 China 2, ,125.0 India 1, ,670.2 Japan ,350.9 GMS-5 3, ,089.4 Cambodia ,525.6 Lao ,859.2 Myanmar 1, ,312.8 Thailand ,279.5 Viet Nam ,309.6 Source: WRI,

8 Climate Change By 2050 s fresh water availability in central, Southeast and South Asia esp.in larger basins is likely to decrease. 8

9 Climate Change Increase in tropical cyclone intensity 9

10 Climate Change Very likely to contribute to sea level rise in the latter half of this century affecting both urban and agricultural sector. 10

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14 Thailand Source: Dasgupta, Laplante, Meisner, Wheeler & Yan, The Impact of Sea Level Rise on Developing Countries, World Bank,

15 15 Source: Dasgupta, Laplante, Meisner, Wheeler & Yan, The Impact of Sea Level Rise on Developing Countries, World Bank, 2007

16 Source: Dasgupta, Laplante, Meisner, Wheeler & Yan, The Impact of Sea Level Rise on Developing Countries, World Bank,

17 SLR = 0 m. Source: Dasgupta, Laplante, Meisner, Wheeler & Yan, The Impact of Sea Level Rise on Developing Countries, World Bank,

18 SLR = 1 m. Source: Dasgupta, Laplante, Meisner, Wheeler & Yan, The Impact of Sea Level Rise on Developing Countries, World Bank,

19 SLR = 2 m. Source: Dasgupta, Laplante, Meisner, Wheeler & Yan, The Impact of Sea Level Rise on Developing Countries, World Bank,

20 Water issues Management of floods

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23 Top ten countries affected by Flood * Country Date Killed China P Rep Jul ,700,000 China P Rep Jul ,000,000 China P Rep Jul ,000 China P Rep ,000 Myanmar May ,000 China P Rep ,000 China P Rep Jul ,000 Guatemala Oct ,000 China P Rep Aug ,000 Venezuela 15-Dec ,000 * sorted by number of people killed, total affected and by economic damage Source: CRED EM-DAT 23

24 MYANMAR At least 130,000 people killed2.5 million people affected (by May 31, 2008) 24

25 3 MAY 2008 IRAWADY Delta, MYANMAR At least 130,000 people killed (by May 31, 2008) 25

26 Water Issues Flooding: Mitigation possible Advanced warning systems are often proposed. An example of community self-help to mitigate impacts from flood and mudslides Empower local government /communities to operate warning systems 26

27 Water Allocation and Use Issues Water allocation between economic sectors * food,energy, or manufactures or services (golf courses /spas) 27

28 Water Allocation Issues Increasingly complex Multi- dimensional (commercial, cultural, political values) Multi-stakeholders (Central/local Gov, NGOs, Business,Communities etc.) Multinational Involving many other resources (land, biodiversity etc.) 28

29 Water allocation Increased competition for water Objectives: Efficiency Equity Sustainability 29

30 Current tools Ineffective command and control Water is inappropriately priced. Wasteful, unsustainable use Resources diverted to use by the rich and the powerful 30

31 Water Issues Water Allocation and Use Issues Upstream downstream conflicts between development and * environment protection * livelihood * ecosystem services Conflicts are warning signals 31

32 A multi resources, multinational and multi- stakeholders problem. River management has become a multinational phenomenon. 32

33 Flow Contributions Upper Country Mekong (18%) Flow Contribution China 16% (%) Yunan, Myanmar China 2% 16 Myanmar 2 Lower Mekong (82%) Laos 35 Thailand 18 Cambodia 18% Cambodia 18 Lao 35% Viet Thailand Nam 18% 11 Total Viet Nam 11% 100 Source: MRC,

34 Lancang hydropower cascade Under construction Existing 34

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36 The Future of Tonle Sap 36

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38 Tonle Sap Tonle Sap is Southeast Asia s largest freshwater lake and one of the most productive inland water lake providing 60 % of Cambodia inland fisheries and directly supports over 1 million people. 38

39 Tonle Sap Tonle Sap is under threat from -logging -siltation and water pollution -overfishing -change in water flow from damming 39

40 Complex inter-linkage Construction of upstream dams could reduce sedimentation affecting rice and aquatic production. High level of dry season water may lead to permanent submersion of forests, therefore threat to livelihood. 40

41 Tonle Sap Effective conservation of Tonle Sap requires -integrated approach to multiple resources management -empowering local good governance -better understanding of the ecosystem 41

42 Urban Water Pollution Increased urbanization has led to changing economic role and hence value of water, and change in benefits to users leading to new tension and conflicts. The cost of water pollution is on the rise and constitute a large share of damage from environment degradation. 42

43 Water Pollution Mae Kha canal at Saeng Tawan intersection contains polluted water and causes unpleasant smells. Many authorities have made efforts to purify the water and solve the water pollution, without success. 43

44 Water Pollution freshwater-seagreenpeace.org 44

45 Water and Sanitation % Access to Improved Water Sources % Access to Improved Sanitation Region Y2004 Y1990 Y2004 Y1990 World Asia (excluding Middle East) China India Japan GMS-5 Cambodia Lao Myanmar Thailand Viet Nam Source: WRI,

46 Water and Sanitation : Urban % Access to Improved Water Sources % Access to Improved Sanitation Region Y2004 Y1990 Y2004 Y1990 World Asia (excluding Middle East) China India Japan GMS-5 Cambodia Lao Myanmar Thailand Viet Nam Source: WRI,

47 Water Issues (cont d) Water Pollution - Institutional problem weak enforcement Fees - too low Inappropriate wastewater treatment system 47

48 Water Pollution y Weak enforcement of Polluter Pays Principle 58

49 Conclusion Water resources problems cannot be considered and solved as a stand alone problem. More emphasis on institutional not only engineering solution Empower local communities and local governments More Funds for R&D 49

50 Thank you for your attention