Biomass. The latter is not a new concept, homes and industries were, at one time, heated and powered by wood.

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1 Biomass Energy

2 Content Biomass Conversion of Biomass in Energy Thermochemical Processes Extraction Processes Biological Processes Waste to Energy Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) Biofuels

3 Biomass Biomass is a form of solar energy result of the growth of plants or microorganisms, which includes all organic matter except fossil fuels. Examples of biomass available as a fuel are: waste and agricultural crops animal and human organic waste wood aquatic plants, algae and microorganisms.

4 Biomass The most important use of biomass is as food for humans. Any alternative use of biomass should not adversely affect the food supply. Other important uses are: livestock feed nutrition organic matter and soil conservation animal bedding structural materials and fuel The latter is not a new concept, homes and industries were, at one time, heated and powered by wood.

5 Biomass Biomass includes only living or recently dead biological species that can be used as a fuel or chemical production. Excludes organic matter in which they have spent millions of years to be transformed by geological processes into substances such as coal or oil. Biomass derived from botanical sources (plants) or biological (animal waste), or a combination of these.

6 Biomass There are many processes and technologies to convert biomass to useful energy or a form of fuel. Some options for converting biomass to heat or solid, liquid or gaseous processes is through Thermochemical, Mechanical/physical (or extraction) and Biological.

7 Conversion of Biomass in Energy

8 Thermochemical Processes All solid complex organic matter is decomposed by heat in the form of gaseous, liquid and solid fractions. The relative amount of each fraction can be varied by controlling various parameters during the process of thermal decomposition. Thermal control techniques generally used in the conversion process are: (1) direct combustion, (2) gasification and (3) pyrolysis. Direct combustion is a process of complete oxidation, where the heat release is the primary objective. Gasification is a partial oxidation process which combustible gases are primarily results. Pyrolysis is a thermal process where there are not oxidation and whose results are gases, liquids and coal.

9 Thermochemical Processes

10 Thermochemical Processes Direct combustion is a process of complete oxidation, where the heat release is the primary objective. Combustion represents perhaps the oldest use of biomass, since civilization began with the discovery of fire. Burning wood forest teach human how to cook and how to keep heat. Chemically combustion is an exothermic reaction between oxygen and the hydrocarbon in the biomass. Here, biomass is converted into two main components: CO2 and H2O.

11 Thermochemical Processes Heat and electricity are the two main forms derived from biomass. Biomass is used in a boiler, either as a single or as a supplement fuel to a fossil fuel. The last option is starting to increase as faster and less expensive to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide in the existing fossil fuel plants. This option is called co firing.

12 Thermochemical Processes Pyrolysis is a thermal process where there are not oxidation and whose results are gases, liquids and coal. Unlike combustion, pyrolysis takes place in complete absence of oxygen except in cases where partial combustion is permitted to supply thermal energy necessary for this process. Pyrolysis is a thermal decomposition of biomass in gas, liquid and solid. This has three variations: dark roast (roasted), or mild pyrolysis slow pyrolysis fast pyrolysis

13 Thermochemical Processes

14 Thermochemical Processes Thermal depolymerization is a process using aqueous pyrolysis for reducing complex organic materials (waste, biomass and plastic) in a light crude oil with high pressure and heat.

15 Thermochemical Processes Gasification is a partial oxidation process which combustible gases are primarily results. Gasification converts fossil and non fossil fuels (solid, liquid or gaseous) in gases and useful chemicals. Requires a means to react, which can be a gas or supercritical water (not to be confused with ordinary water subcritical condition). Among the gaseous media are air, oxygen, steam subcritical or a mixture thereof.

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17 Thermochemical Processes The synthesis gas or syngas is a gaseous fuel obtained from substances rich in carbon (coal, coal, coke, naphtha, biomass) subjected to a chemical process at high temperature. Contains varying amounts of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H 2 ). Synthesis gas is composed primarily of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and very often, some carbon dioxide. It has less than half the energy density of natural gas. Has been used and is still used as fuel or as an intermediate for the production of other chemicals.

18 Thermochemical Processes In plasma gasification, the high temperature plasma helps to gasify the hydrocarbons of the biomass. It is essentially useful for municipal solid waste and other waste products. This process can also be called "plasma pyrolysis" as this essentially involves disintegration of carbonaceous material into fragments of compounds, in a low oxygen environment.

19 Thermochemical Processes Plasma Torch

20 Thermochemical Processes Plasma Gasification of Municipal Waste

21 Thermochemical Processes Some data of Plasma Gasification: 99% of waste goes as glass, metal or combustible gas For every ton of waste is obtained: about 1 MWh of electricity (only 7% is used for the process) approximately 227 liters of ethanol 300 liters of distilled water 5 10 kg of commercial salt 150 kg of added for construction 5 kg of agricultural fertilizer sulfur Approximate cost $ /ton

22 Extraction Processes Currently the industry grind the seed oil (extraction) is by use of screw presses (expelling) or solvent extraction separating oil from oil producing seeds. The objectives of both processes are getting a high quality oil impurities as free as possible to obtain high performance oil, food waste and produce high quality suitable for animal feed or for further processing to isolate and concentrate the proteins.

23 Extraction Processes Mechanical Extraction

24 Extraction Processes Typical Solvent Extraction Process

25 Biological Processes They are performed by fermentation. Fermentation is the conversion of organic matter from one chemical form to another using enzymes produced by living microorganisms. In general, these bacteria are classified according to their tolerance to oxygen. Which use oxygen are called aerobic and those that not, anaerobic. Both fermentation processes are applied to alcoholic fermentation and anaerobic fermentation. The latter is carried out in anaerobic digesters.

26 Biological Processes Alcohol Production

27 Biological Processes Biogas is a fuel gas generated in specific natural means or devices, for biodegradation reactions of organic matter by the action of microorganisms (methanogenic bacteria, etc.) and other factors, in the absence of oxygen (ie in an anaerobic environment). This gas has been called swamp gas, since in them biodegradation of such vegetable waste is produced as described.

28 Biological Processes

29 Biological Processes Just as in the anaerobic digester, anaerobic bacteria in landfills, digest organic matter and in the process release biogas. The biogas from landfills can be collected to burn or to generate electricity with a motorgenerator or a microturbine.

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31 Waste to Energy Technologies used to convert waste to energy (other than incineration) Thermal Technologies: gasification thermal depolymerization pyrolysis Plasma gasification Non Thermal Technologies: anaerobic digestion fermentation Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) MBT + Anaerobic Digestion MBT + fuel derived from waste

32 Waste to Energy

33 Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) It's a pretreatment technology of solid urban waste and special handling. MTB combines classification and mechanical treatment and biological treatment of organic waste. The main goal is to eliminate as much pollution to the atmosphere (biogas) and the subsoil (leachate)

34 Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT)

35 Biofuels Biofuels are produced organically and unlike fossil fuels are a renewable source of energy. Biofuels come from biomass: organic matter originating from a biological usable or miscarriage, process for energy. To produce biofuels can be used agricultural species such as maize or cassava, rich in carbohydrates, or oilseeds such as soybeans, sunflower and palm. You can also use forest species such as eucalyptus and pine. By using these materials the CO 2 that is sent to the earth's atmosphere is considered the same amount CO 2 that was absorbed during its life.

36 Biofuels Examples of Biofuels: wood manure grass straw Sugar cane domestic Waste commercial waste animal waste others

37 Biofuels Types of Biofuels bioalcohol bioethanol biodiesel bioethanol Bio oil

38 Biomass Energy