Biogas Asia Pacific Forum 2015 Commercial Integration of the Biogas Value Chain in Asia Opportunities and Challenges for All

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Biogas Asia Pacific Forum 2015 Commercial Integration of the Biogas Value Chain in Asia Opportunities and Challenges for All 28 30 th April 2015 Sunway

1 Biogas Asia Pacific Forum 2015 Commercial Integration of the Biogas Value Chain in Asia Opportunities and Challenges for All th April 2015 Sunway Pyramid Convention Centre Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia The Importance of Protocols and Standards in the Use of Biomethane for Vehicles Lee Giok Seng Executive Director

Asia Pacific Natural Gas Vehicles Association (ANGVA) Trade association for NGV industry. Vision: To lead and promote Asia Pacific NGV industry towards sustainable growth.

2 Asia Pacific Natural Gas Vehicles Association (ANGVA) Trade association for NGV industry. Vision: To lead and promote Asia Pacific NGV industry towards sustainable growth. Promote natural gas as an environmentally friendly, economically viable, and energy security fuel for the Transport Sector. Provide platforms for development and promotion of NGV markets. Secretariat: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Website:

3 Invitation to ANGVA 6 th Biennial International Conference & Exhibition ANGVA 2015, 4 6 Nov

4 Transport Sector Vital to a Country Economic, Financial and Political

4 4 Transport Sector Vital to a Country Economic, Financial and Political Well-being Transport sector: moves people and goods - creates economic opportunities and growth. major consumer of energy, ~ % of final energy consumption, mainly in the form of oil (gasoline & diesel). impact on energy security of a country - oil supply and price are volatile and unpredictable. major impact on environment vehicles major source of air pollutions especially in the cities.

5 Natural Gas Offers a Commercially Viable Clean Alternative Fuel for the Transport Sector Natural gas was first used as a transportation fuel in Italy in the 1930s after World War II. Around 80 years ago. Worldwide there are around 21.6 million natural gas vehicles (NGVs) and 25,600 refuelling stations in 83 countries. Most of the natural gas vehicles are located in the Asia Pacific region.

6 Status of NGVs in Asia Pacific Region 23 Countries at Various Stages of Development and Growth (Sept 14) Natural Gas Vehicles World ~21.6 million NGV Stations ~25,600 Asia Pacific ~11.4 million ~12,300 Ref: Asian NGV Communications & Others

Opportunity to Use Upgraded Biogas As Renewable Source of Natural Gas Biomethane Source: Upgraded Biogas Transportation & Distribution Natural gas

Biomethane (also known as Renewable Natural Gas) is defined as methane produced from biomass (ISO 16559:2014), with properties close to natural gas.

7 Opportunity to Use Upgraded Biogas As Renewable Source of Natural Gas Biomethane Source: Upgraded Biogas Transportation & Distribution Natural gas pipeline distribution system /grid Usage Industries Fossil Natural Gas Source: Gas & oil fields Trailers (mother daughter system) Vehicles (NGV) Biomethane (also known as Renewable Natural Gas) is defined as methane produced from biomass (ISO 16559:2014), with properties close to natural gas. It can be produced by biochemical conversion (upgrading of biogas) or thermochemical conversion (bio-synthetic Natural Gas) Commercial, Residential, etc

8 Biomethane in Europe Biomethane markets are already established in a number of European Union (EU) countries. Between countries, there are differences in the targets and intended main markets e.g. heating (United Kingdom ((UK) electricity with district heating (Germany) vehicle fuel (Sweden, Germany, Austria, Finland, Iceland) In Sweden and Iceland, biomethane supplied to vehicles were larger than those from fossil natural gas.

9 Biomethane as Renewable Fuel for Vehicles Transportation & Distribution Usage Natural gas pipeline distribution system /grid NGV Refueling Stations Trailers (mother daughter system) Vehicles (NGV)

10 Framework of the Biomethane Value Chain hot spot for sustainability biomass production + provision conversion to biogas + upgrading to biomethane + conditioning grid injection + grid take-off end use technical demands register and certification Ref: Biomethane Status and Factors Affecting Market Development and Trade. A Joint Study by International Energy Agency (IEA) Bioenergy Task 40 and Task 37. September support schemes

Biomethane Markets Lesson Learnt A good framework is necessary to push forward the emergence, development and growth of biomethane.

Policies such as tax reductions on clean vehicles and renewable fuel quota systems are important.

Conditions should be created for revenue generation from environmental attributes of biomethane such as Renewable Identification

11 Biomethane Markets Lesson Learnt A good framework is necessary to push forward the emergence, development and growth of biomethane. Political and associated financial support are needed. Policies such as tax reductions on clean vehicles and renewable fuel quota systems are important. Next to a good policy framework, another important step is good information flow to the stakeholders and public. Conditions should be created for revenue generation from environmental attributes of biomethane such as Renewable Identification Number (RIN) credits under the USA Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) for the generation and use of biomethane as fuel for vehicles. Ref: Thrän et al Biomethane status and factors affecting market development and trade. IEA Task 40 and Task 37 Joint Study. September 2014.

Biomethane Certification in USA The American Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established

To earn RINs, producers must demonstrate their feed stocks and the physical connection from the

produce CNG, LNG or electricity, contractual arrangements must also be demonstrated.

12 Biomethane Certification in USA The American Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established specific rules for determining biogas qualification for RINs. To earn RINs, producers must demonstrate their feed stocks and the physical connection from the biogas source to where it is upgraded and injected all the way to where the gas is extracted to produce CNG, LNG or electricity, contractual arrangements must also be demonstrated. The EPA determines on a case-by-case basis who along the process chain earns the RINs which provides market flexibility in the evolving business landscape.

Biomethane Certification in United Kingdom The Green Gas Certification Scheme (GGCS) Tracks biomethane, or green gas, through the supply chain to provide certainty for those that buy it.

13 Biomethane Certification in United Kingdom The Green Gas Certification Scheme (GGCS) Tracks biomethane, or green gas, through the supply chain to provide certainty for those that buy it. Tracks each unit of green gas from its injection into the distribution grid, to any trades, to its sale to a consumer, or group of consumers. Tracks the contractual rather than physical flows to ensure there is no double-counting from production to end use. Provides certainty for consumers who buy the gas, confidence in the green gas sector and an incentive for gas producers to inject green gas into the grid instead of using it to generate electricity. Run by Renewable Energy Association s subsidiary, Renewable Energy Assurance Ltd. Marks & Spencer Secure Green Gas Certificates. 8 th Sept M & S announced today it will buy Biomethane Gas Certificates from Future Biogas to slash its carbon footprint emissions by more than 6,400 tonnes. Over the past couple of years, M&S has worked tirelessly to improve its carbon efficiency and innovate in sustainability.

14 Ref: Thrän et al Biomethane status and factors affecting market development and trade. IEA Task 40 and Task 37 Joint Study. September 2014.

15 Example of Biomethane Composition Ref: Andrew Hall, Xebec Adsorption. Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia. 17 Mar 2012.

16 Fossil Natural Gas Quality Standards For NGVs: ISO : 2006 :- Natural Gas Natural gas for use as a compressed fuel for vehicles. Part 1: Designation of the Quality. ISO/TR : Natural Gas Natural gas for use as a compressed fuel for vehicles. Part 2: Specification of the quality. critical items are water content, sulfur compounds, particulate matter, higher hydrocarbons, CO 2, free oxygen, glycol/methanol, oil content and corrosive components. Pertains only to compressed natural gas as it enters the fuel containers on the vehicle. It does not apply to the natural gas delivered to a refuelling station. SAE J1616 : Recommended Practice for Compressed Natural Gas Vehicle Fuel (1994). (Under Annex 3 of UN ECE R110) National standards e.g. Thailand, Malaysian, Indonesian standards, etc. German standard - DIN 51624: :- Automotive fuels Compressed natural gas Requirements and test methods. Swedish standard SS :- Motors fuels Biogas as fuel for high-speed Otto engines (1999). Currently the only standard regulating direct utilisation of biomethane as fuel for vehicles. For Natural Gas: ISO 13686:2013 :- Natural gas - Quality designation - specifies parameters required to describe finally processed and where required, blended natural 16 gas.

17 Specific Requirements for Non Conventional Source Gas Injection Austria France Germany Netherlands Sweden Switzerland Property Unlimited Injection Limited injection CH 4 > 96 % / - 85% >97% >96% >50% CO 2 < 3 % <2,5% 6% / <3% <4% <6% CO <2% / / / / / Total S < 10 mg/m³ < 30mg/m³ 30 mg/m³ <45 mg/m³ < 23 mg/m³ < 30mg/m³ < 30mg/m³ H 2 S < 5 mg/m³ < 5 mg/m³ (H 2 S+COS) 5 mg/m³ < 5 mg/m³ 10 ppm < 5 mg/m³ < 5 mg/m³ Mercaptans < 6 mg/m³ <6 mg/m³ 15 mg/m³ / / / / O 2 < 0,5 % <0,01% <0,5% <0,5% <1% <0,5% <0,5% H 2 < 4 % <6% 5 % / <0,5% <5% <5% H 2 O Hydrocarbon dew point Wobbe index Pressure Gross calorific value Water dew point -8 C/40 bar Water dew point <-5 C at MOP 0 C at OP <-2 C (1-70 bar) 13,3 15,7 kwh/m³ 10,7-12,8 kwh/m³ 13,64-15,7 kwh/m³ for H gas 12,01-13 kwh/m³ for B gas 10,7-12,8 kwh/m³ for H gas 9,5-10,5 kwh/m³ for B gas Water dew point: Ground temperature Ground temperature 10,5 15,7 kwh/m³ Pressure of pipeline to be injected into <32 mg/m³ <32 mg/m³ <60% <60% / / / / 43,6-44,41 MJ/m³ 45,5-48,5 MJ/m³ / 35,1 MJ/m³ / 13,3-15,7 kwh/m³ 10,7-13,1 kwh/m³ Relative density 0,55-0,65 0,555-0,70 / / / 0,55-0,70 / Odorant Gas to be odorized at mg THT/m³ Gas to be odorized Gas to be consumer at consumer odorized at consumer / mg THT/m³ mg THT/m³ Impurities Technically pure Technically pure Technically pure Technically pure Halogenated compounds 0 mg/m³ < 1 mg Cl /m³ < 10 mg F /m³ nil < 25 mg Cl/m³ / / Ammonia Technically pure / / <3 mg/nm³ <20 mg/nm³ / / Dust Technically pure / No dust No dust Mercury < 1 μg/m³ / / / / / Benzene Siloxanes < 10 mg/m³ Ref: Economic and technical aspects of biogases and their injection, growth potential for biomass/biogas in Germany MARCOGAZ Recommendation by Uwe Klaas. DVGW e.v., Bonn, Germany / /

Available at almost all of the 24 stations for CNG. Drivers able to choose between fossil natural gas and biomethane.

18 Biomethane Plays an Increasing Key Role at Finnish Fueling Stations. 27 th March 2015 Biomethane accounted for 30% of the natural gas sold in Finland - Finnish Ministry of Transport and Communication. Available at almost all of the 24 stations for CNG. Drivers able to choose between fossil natural gas and biomethane. Despite extra costs, 45% of customers choose to refuel with biomethane, allowing for up to 90% reduction of CO2 emissions compared to petrol. All biogas sold for transport originated from biowaste and domestically produced. All fossil natural gas imported from Russia. Ref: NGVA Europe

Poo Bus set to go into regular service on the roads of Britain.

Stockwood from 25 th March 2015. Bus capable of running up to 300km on a full tank.

19 Poo Bus set to go into regular service on the roads of Britain. 16 th March 2015 Bus powered by biomethane generated from treatment of human and household waste set to go into regular service on the roads of Britain. The 40 seat bus operated by First West of England, will operate four days a week from Cribbs Causeway to Stockwood from 25 th March Bus capable of running up to 300km on a full tank. Sewage and inedible food waste from more than 32,000 households in Avonmouth and Bristol will be converted into biomethane. First West will introduce more 'poo buses' if the current plan becomes successful. Ref:

20 Conclusion Biomethane as fuel for vehicles and injection into fossil natural gas grids are well established in Europe and North America. A good framework is necessary to create and push biomethane market forward. Framework should address technical standardization, sustainability certification, economic and management huddles. Political and associated financial support are needed. Policies such as tax reductions on clean vehicles and renewable fuel quota systems are important. A good information flow to the stakeholders and public is also needed. Conditions should be created for revenue generation from environmental attributes of biomethane such as Renewable Identification Number (RIN) credits under the USA Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS).

21 THANK YOU Asia Pacific Natural Gas Vehicles Association (ANGVA) Website:

Biogas upgrading to natural gas quality in Germany & Ireland

Biogas upgrading to natural gas quality in Germany & Ireland James Browne (B.E. Ph.D) Innovation Engineer 24 th of October 2017 Agenda Topics Introduction to Gas Networks and Renewable Gas Potential in