The Source Loading and Management Model (SLAMM)

Transcription

1 The Source Loading and Management Model (SLAMM) A Water Quality Management Planning Model for Urban Stormwater Runoff Robert Pitt, P.E., Ph.D., DEE Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL John Voorhees, P.E. Environmental Engineer Madison, WI

2 Contents Abstract 1. The Source Loading and Management Model Overview and use Introduction... History of SLAMM and Typical Uses... SLAMM Computational Processes... Monte Carlo Simulation of Pollutants Strengths of Runoff from Various Urban Source Areas... Use of SLAMM to Identify Pollutant Sources and to Evaluate Different Control Programs... Simple Workshop Example... SLAMM/SWMM Interface Program... References The integration of water quality and drainage design objectives Introduction... Rainfall and Runoff Characteristics for Urban Areas... Small Storm Hydrology... Stormwater Receiving Water Problems... Typical Problems with Assumptions Commonly Used in Urban Hydrology Analyses... Most of the Annual Rain is Associated With Many Small Individual Events... The Rainfall-Runoff Inter-Relationships for Different Urban Areas are Surprisingly Similar... Varying Contributing areas are Imp ortant in Urban Hydrology... Observed Runoff Volumes Do Not Compare Well With Commonly Used Urban Runoff Prediction Methods... Actual Volumetric Runoff Coefficients (Rv) Vary With Storm Size... Small Storm Hydrology Model... Runoff Process for Paved Surfaces... Infiltration of Rain Water Through Pavement Can be a Substantial Portion of the Total Rain for Most Events... Variable Runoff Losses as a Function of Time Indicate Very Different Infiltration Values for Different Rain Intensities... Infiltration in Disturbed Urban Soils... Disturbed Urban Soils Do Not Behave as Indicated by Typically Used Models... Basic Characteristics of the Small Storm Hydrology Model... Comparison of the Small Storm Hydrology Model with the Horton Infiltration Equation... Comparison of the Small Storm Hydrology Model with the NRCS Curve Number Procedure... Volumetric Runoff Coefficients can be Calculated for Different Surfaces and Rains using the Small Storm Hydrology Model... Excellent Verification of Small Storm Hydrology Model for Many Conditions... Examp le Application using the Small Storm Hydrology Model... Predicting Runoff Yields from Different Source Areas... Conclusions... References... ii

3 3. Sources of stormwater pollutants, including pollutant buildup and washoff Introduction... The Source Concept... Sources and Characteristics of Urban Runoff Pollutants... Chemical Quality of Rocks and Soils... Street Dust and Dirt Pollutant Characteristics... Atmospheric Sources of Urban Runoff Pollutants... Source Area Sheetflow and Particulate Quality... Source Area Particulate Quality... Warm Weather Sheetflow Quality... Sources of Stormwater Toxicants Case Study in Birmingham, AL... Results... Pollution Prevention Associated with Selection of Building Materials... Roofing and Paving Materials... Exposed Wooden Material/Treated Wood... Preliminary Leaching Tests to Investigate Building Material Contributions to Stormwater Contamination... Street Dirt Accumulation... Methodology for Street Dirt Accumulation Measurements... Street Surface Particulate Sampling Procedures... Summary of Observed Accumulation Rates... Washoff of Street Dirt... Background... Yalin Equation... Sartor and Boyd Washoff Equation... Street Dirt Washoff Observations and Comparisons with the Yalin, and Sartor and Boyd Washoff Equations... Small-Scale Washoff Tests... Washoff Equations for Individual Tests... Maximum Washoff Capacity... Comparison of Particulate Residue Washoff Using Previous Washoff Models and Revised Washoff Model... Summary of Street Particulate Washoff Tests... Observed Particle Size Distributions in Stormwater... First-Flush of Stormwater Pollutants from Pavement... References Stormwater quality controls in SLAMM Introduction... Treatment of Flows at Sources of Urban Runoff Pollution and at Outfalls... Public Works Practices... Street Cleaning... Summary of Street Cleaning as a Stormwater Control Practice... Street Cleaning Effectiveness Calculations used in SLAMM... Storm Drainage System Inlet Structures... Catchbasins and Gully Pots... Storm Drain Inlets with Filters... Design Suggestions to Enhance Pollution Control with Storm Drain Inlet Structures... Summary of Sewerage Inlet Devices as Stormwater Control Practices... Catchbasin Cleaning Performance Calculations used in SLAMM... Sedimentation... Wet Detention Pond Performance Reported in the Literature... iii

4 Problems with Wet Detention Ponds... Safety of Wet Detention Ponds... Nuisance Conditions in Wet Detention Ponds and Degraded Water Quality... Attitudes of Nearby Residents and Property Values... Maintenance Requirements of Wet Detention Ponds... Routine Maintenance Requirements... Sediment Removal from Wet Detention Ponds... Vegetation Removal from Wet Detention Ponds... Guidelines to Enhance Pond Performance... Insect Control, Fish Stocking and Planting Desirable Aquatic Plants... Pond Side Slopes... Enhancing Pond Performance During Severe Winter Conditions... Particle Settling Characteristics in Stormwater... Wet Detention Pond Design Procedures... Wet Detention Pond Design Guidelines for Suspended Solids Reductions... Summary of Detention Ponds as a Stormwater Control... SLAMM Calculation Procedures for Wet Detention Ponds... Infiltration... Benefits and Problems Associated with Stormwater Infiltration... General Infiltration Practices... Infiltration Device Performance Reported in the Literature... Summary of Infiltration Devices as Stormwater Controls... SLAMM Calculation Procedures for Infiltration Devices... Grass Swales and Grass Filter Strips... Performance of Grass Swales and Filters as Reported in the Literature... Summary of Grass Swales for Stormwater Control... Grass Swale Performance Calculations in SLAMM... Porous Pavements... Performance of Porous Pavements as Reported in the Literature... Maintenance of Porous Pavements... Summary of Porous Pavement Control Benefits... SLAMM Calculation Procedures for Porous Pavements... Filtration of Stormwater... Treatment of Stormwater Using Filtration Media... Sand... Activated Carbon... Composted Leaves... Peat Moss... Recent Filtration Tests... Design of Stormwater Filters... Summary of Filtration as a Stormwater Control... SLAMM Calculation Procedures for Media Filters... Combination Devices (Example use of the Multi-Chambered Treatment Train, MCTT)... SLAMM Calculation Procedures for Combination Devices (specifically the MCTT)... References and Bibliography... Appendix 4-A. Example Input Files for Stormwater Control Practices... Introduction... Catchbasin Cleaning Input Files... CatchbasinDemo.dat... CatchbasinDemoBham76.dat... CatchbasinDemoMad81.dat... Street Cleaning Input Files... StreetCleaningDemo.dat... StreetCleaningDemoBham76.dat... StreetCleaningDemoMad81.dat... Source Infiltration and Outfall Percolation Files... iv

5 InfiltDemo with perc pond clayey soil.dat... InfiltDemo with perc pond clayey soil Bham76.dat... InfiltDemo with perc pond clayey soil Mad81.dat... InfiltDemo with perc pond sandy soil.dat... InfiltDemo with perc pond sandy soil Bham76.dat... InfiltDemo with perc pond sandy soil Mad81.dat... Swale Input Files... SwaleDemoClay.dat... SwaleDemoClayBham76.dat... SwaleDemoClayMad81.dat... SwaleDemoSandy.dat... SwaleDemoSandyBhan76.dat... SwaleDemoSandyMad81.dat... Detention Pond Input Files... DetentionDemo.dat... DetentionDemoBham76.dat... DetentionDemoMad81.dat... Street Width Input Files... StreetWidthDemo.dat... StreetWidthDemoBham76.dat... StreetWidthDemoMad81.dat... Stormceptor Input Files... StormceptorDemo.dat... StormceptorDemoBham76.dat... StormceptorDemoMad81.dat... StormceptorDemoMad81StreetDirt.dat Using SLAMM Introduction... Hardware Requirements and Recommendations... Description of the Files Associated WinSLAMM... WinSLAMM.EXE... MPARAXX.EXE... MSCALCXX.EXE... Creating or Editing a SLAMM Data File... Introduction... Starting the Program... Main Data Entry Form... Current File Data Button... Data Entry... Pollutant Analysis Selection Information... Saving the Data File... Creating WinSLAMM Output... Parameter Module Description... Introduction... Rain Input Subprogram... Description of Selected Rainfiles Included With The Program... Runoff Coefficient Subprogram... Critical Particle Size Subprogram... Description of Selected Critical Particle Size Files Included With The Program... Particulate Solids Concentration Module... Particulate Residue Reduction Subprogram... Pollutant Probability Distribution Subprogram... v

6 Example Input and Output Files... Typical Land Use Descriptions... General Land Use Descriptions... Land Development Characteristics... Site Surveys... Area Measurements from Aerial Photographs... Example Land Use Evaluations for Los Angeles County, California... Little Shades Creek (Rocky Ridge Corridor) Preliminary SLAMM Analyses... WinSLAMM Calibration Procedures... Runoff Coefficients... Initial Data Sources... Calibration Steps... Particulate Solids Concentrations... Initial Data Sources... Calibration Steps... Pollutant Concentrations... Appendix 5-A: Shades Creek Land Use Descriptions... Residential Areas... Low Density (LDRCB.DAT and LDRSB.DAT)... Medium Density, pre 1960 (MR6CB.DAT and MR6SB.DAT)... Medium Density, (MR68CB.DAT and MR68SB.DAT)... Medium Density, since 1980 (MR8CB.DAT and MR8SB.DAT)... High Density (HDRCB.DAT and HDRSB.DAT)... Multi-Family (Duplexes) (MFRCB.DAT and MFRSB.DAT)... Apartments (APTCB.DAT and APTSB.DAT)... Commercial Areas... Strip Development (STRCB.DAT and STRSB.DAT)... Shopping Centers (SHPCB.DAT and SHPSB.DAT)... Office Parks (OFFCB.DAT and OFFSB.DAT)... Institutional Areas... Schools (SCHCB.DAT and SCHSB.DAT)... Industrial Areas... Light Industry (Warehousing) (LIDCB.DAT and LIDSB.DAT)... Open Space... Golf Courses (GLFCB.DAT and GLFSB.DAT)... Cemeteries (CEMCB.DAT and CEMSB.DAT)... Parks (PRKCB.DAT and PRKSB.DAT)... Undeveloped (UNVCB.DAT and UNVSB.DAT)... Freeway Areas... Freeways (FRYCB.DAT and FRYSB.DAT)... Appendix 5-B: WinSLAMM Algorithm Documentation... Introduction... Data Entry... Control Devices... Data File Format... Calculation/Output Module Calculations... Calculation/Output Module Overview... Calculation/Output Module - Output... Appendix 5-C. Bham76.ran File Printout... Appendix 5-D. Runoff.rsv File Printout... Appendix 5-E. Delivery.prr File Printout... Appendix 5-F. Bham.psc File Printout... Appendix 5-G. Bham.ppd File Printout... Appendix 5-H. Medium.cpz File Printout... vi

7 Abstract A logical approach to stormwater management requires knowledge of the problems that are to be solved, the sources of the problem pollutants, and the effectiveness of stormwater management practices that can control the problem pollutants at their sources and at outfalls. SLAMM is designed to provide information on these last two aspects of this approach. The Source Loading and Management Model (SLAMM) was initially developed to identify critical sources stormwater contamination and to more efficiently evaluate stormwater control practices. It soon became evident that in order to accurately evaluate the effectiveness of stormwater controls at an outfall, the sources of the pollutants or problem water flows must be known. SLAMM has evolved to include a variety of source area and end-of-pipe controls and the ability to predict the concentrations and loadings of many different pollutants from a large number of potential source areas. SLAMM calculates mass balances for both particulate and dissolved pollutants and runoff flow volumes for different development characteristics and rainfalls. It was designed to give relatively simple answers (pollutant mass discharges and control measure effects for a very large variety of potential conditions). SLAMM was developed primarily as a planning level tool, such as to generate information needed to make planning level decisions, while not generating or requiring superfluous information. Its primary capabilities include predicting flow and pollutant discharges that reflect a broad variety of development conditions and the use of many combinations of common urban runoff control practices. Control practices evaluated by SLAMM include detention ponds, infiltration devices, porous pavements, grass swales, catchbasin cleaning, and street cleaning. These controls can be evaluated in many combinations and at many source areas as well as the outfall location. SLAMM also predicts the relative contributions of different source areas (roofs, streets, parking areas, landscaped areas, undeveloped areas, etc.) for each land use investigated. As an aid in designing urban drainage systems, SLAMM also calculates correct NRCS curve numbers that reflect specific development and control characteristics. These curve numbers can then be used in conjunction with available urban drainage procedures to reflect the water quantity reduction benefits of stormwater quality controls. Special emphasis has been placed on small storm hydrology and particulate washoff in SLAMM, common areas of misuse in the SWMM RUNOFF block. Many currently available urban runoff models have their roots in drainage design where the emphasis is with very large and rare rains. In contrast, stormwater quality problems are mostly associated with common and relatively small rains. The assumptions and simplifications that are legitimately used with drainage design models are not appropriate for water quality models. SLAMM therefore incorporates unique process descriptions to more accurately predict the sources of runoff pollutants and flows for the storms of most interest in stormwater quality analyses. However, SLAMM can be effectively used in conjunction with drainage design models to incorporate the mutual benefits of water quality controls on drainage design. SLAMM is normally used to predict source area contributions and outfall discharges. However, SLAMM has been used in conjunction with a receiving water model (HSPF) to examine the ultimate receiving water effects of urban runoff. The development of SLAMM began in the mid 1970s, primarily as a data reduction tool for use in early street cleaning and pollutant source identification projects sponsored by the EPA s Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Program. Additional information contained in SLAMM was obtained during the EPA s Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP), especially the Alameda County, California, the Bellevue, Washington, and the Milwaukee projects. The completion of the model was made possible by the vii

8 remainder of the NURP projects and additional field studies and programming support sponsored by the Ontario Ministry of the Environment, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, and Region V of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Early users of SLAMM included the Ontario Ministry of the Environment s Toronto Area Watershed Management Strategy (TAWMS) study and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Priority Watershed Program. SLAMM can now be effectively used as a tool to enable watershed planners to obtain a better understanding of the effectiveness of different control practice programs. viii