What makes a Wind Plant Grid Friendly?

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1 Stable Renewable Plant Voltage and Reactive Power Control NERC ERSTF June 11-12, 2014 Sebastian Achilles Nicholas Miller Einar Larsen Jason MacDowell GE Energy Consulting 1 /

2 Topics Features of modern wind turbine generators and wind plants Voltage vs. power factor control in wind plants Weak system control stability with PE sources Response coordination of multiple wind plants Summary 2 /

3 What makes a Wind Plant Grid Friendly? Not trip during Faults and other System Disturbances ride through capability Regulate Plant Voltage and Reactive Power Limits the Rate of Change of Power from Variations in Wind Speed Ramp Rate Control React to Changes in Grid Frequency Frequency Droop Provide reactive power all the time Provide inertial response to large under-frequency events: WindINERTIA TM Reliable operation with series compensated lines Reliable operation with low system strength 3 /

4 Wind Turbines and Reactive Power Control 4 /

5 WTG Reactive Power Capability Reactive Power for Voltage Support Steady-state PF range under-excited/0.90 over-excited Dynamic range meets or exceeds steady-state range WTG reactive capability often sufficient to satisfy PF requirements at POI VAR capability reduced at low power due to units cycling off-line GE offers reactive power capability with no wind Terminal Bus P gen WTG Q gen Reactive Capability all the time is valuable! 5 /

6 WindCONTROL Plant Level Control System Substation HV Bus Coordinated turbine and plant supervisory control structure Fast WTG controls Slower plant controls Voltage, VAR, & PF control Q L Q C Q WP P WP LTC Point of Interconnection (POI) Reactive Power Controller LV Bus Active Power control PF requirements primarily met by WTG reactive capability, but augmented by mechanically switched shunt devices if necessary Reactive Compensation (if required) Integrated with substation SCADA 6 / Q WTG

7 Voltage & Reactive Power Controls Regulates Grid Voltage at Point of Interconnection Minimizes Grid Voltage Fluctuations Even Under Varying Wind Conditions Actual measurements from a 162MW wind plant Wind Plant Voltage Voltage at POI Regulates Total Wind Plant Reactive Power through Control of Individual Turbines Average Wind Speed Wind Plant Power Output Voltage and Reactive Power Regulation Like A Conventional Power Plant 7 /

8 Network Stability: Voltage or Power Factor Control? 8 /

9 Steady State considerations Strong grid Weak grid PF Control Voltage Control Insufficient margin and challenging operation in PF control Plant level voltage control improves network voltage stability performance in constrained transmission systems 9 /

10 Control Stability of Power Electronic Sources in Weak Grids 10 /

11 Conventional and Power-Electronic sources Relevant electrical characteristics of Power-Electronic (PE) sources Performance aspect Conventional generation Power-Electronic Sources Short circuit contribution (system strength) Current sharing/distribution Around 3 pu Inherent to design characteristics. Sharing depends on size and impedances of the machines Small/none Fast current controls force current sharing All current-controlled PE sources require grid strength to operate reliably and stably Grid strength is high when electrically close to conventional generation 11 /

12 Conventional and Power-Electronic sources Long transmission corridors (low system strength) typically have power transfer limited below thermal limits due to stability challenges Conventional generation Transient Stability Dynamic stability Voltage stability Power-Electronic Sources Voltage stability Fast control stability Fast control stability refers to interactions between transmission system and PE sources (Wind Turbine Generators, SVCs, STATCOMs, etc.) 12 /

13 Wind turbine generators and system strength Modern WTGs are PE sources Some applications may need mitigations to achieve desired system performance under very low system strength conditions: Transmission upgrades» New lines» Updated Topology (meshed vs. radial)» Series compensation» Synchronous condensers (System strength, dyn VARs)» SVC, STATCOM (dyn VARs, control challenges) Special protection schemes (such as transfer trips) GE offers control features to improve performance in low SCR conditions More than one mitigation mechanism may be used and system coordination of multiple mechanisms is highly desirable and very effective (e.g. Wind Plant + Condenser) 13 /

14 SCR applied to Wind Plants In the case of Wind Plants, the characterization of system strength has to take into account all electrically close converters (Multi-infeed) Composite SCR (CSCR) considers the grid strength as seen by all electrically close converters and is used for wind plants. Converter locations WP1 WP 2 WP 3 14 /

15 Composite SCR Composite short circuit level: 3Ph short circuit at 34.5 KV buses - all interconnected Low load conditions (low/realistic commitment of conventional generation) Contingency conditions also considered No contribution from converters WP1 WP 2 WP 3 15 /

16 Composite SCR: Recommended Practice CSCR Composite SC MVA converter MW rating Composite SCR is useful to characterize grid strength and screen for system stability risks Understanding of the grid parameters, system operation and future wind projects is required to meaningfully estimate CSCR Grid entities should estimate this parameter for normal and contingency operation and communicate to developers. For very low CSCR applications, dedicated detailed analysis is recommended 16 /

17 Coordinated response of electrically close wind plant level controllers 17 /

18 Plant Level Control Interactions Substation HV Bus QWP Point of Interconnection (POI) MV Bus QWP1 Plant Level Control Wind CONTROL VWP Plant Level Wind CONTROL Control QWP2 time QWP1 QWP2 VWP time 18 / Q May WTG 10, 2008

19 Plant Level Control Interactions Substation HV Bus QWP Point of Interconnection (POI) MV Bus QWP1 QWP2 time Plant Level Control Wind CONTROL VWP Plant Level Wind CONTROL Control Circulating Q VWP time 19 / Q May WTG 10, 2008

20 Plant Level Control Interactions: Voltage Droop QWP Uncoordinated Without Voltage Droop Effect of voltage setpoint differences or PT errors QWP1 QWP Coordinated With Droop Effect of system event time QWP1 QWP2 time QWP2 VWP VWP time time Faster control details neglected for this discussion Dynamic response coordination also assumed 20 /

21 Summary 21 /

22 Summary Coordinated plant level voltage control improves voltage stability performance in weak grid applications Fast terminal voltage control significantly improves the system performance during contingencies in weak grid applications Providing Reactive power all the time is valuable for system stability Understanding and potential remediation of very low grid strength wind plant operation is critical to maintain stability This requires collaboration between system operator, planners, developers and OEMs. CSCR estimation is an initial step in such collaboration Electrically close plant level controls require coordination to avoid negative interactions of reactive power These issues are resolvable if known and included in the planning/development process 22 /

23 Thank you! Questions? 23 /

24 Back-up 24 /

25 Fast or Slow Voltage Control? 25 /

26 Conventional Generation Fast acting Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) Quick an effective system support to improve stability Limits voltage variations at equipment Slower acting joint control Optimizes steady state operation Does not interfere with inner control loops Reduced risk of instabilities due to communication delays FAST Loop FAST Loop SLOW Loop FAST Loop A reasonable and valuable concept 26 /

27 Contingency operation of Wind Plants Contingency operation requires higher reactive power for stable operation with same power level N-0 Steady state Joint control is typically slower than WTG active power recovery Fast WTG terminal voltage control keeps system stable for wider range of operating conditions N-1 before joint control reaction Joint control further optimizes operating condition in steady state 27 /

28 How strong are grid conditions? The industry has used the Short Circuit Ratio (SCR) to assess the system strength for the connection of power electronic converters SCR varies with system conditions There are few different SCR calculation methods proposed in the industry SCR short circuitmvaof AC System converter MW rating HVDC rectifier 28 / March 2012

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