Variation of NEPM Schedule B1
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1 Variation of NEPM Schedule B1 CRC CARE s Role Prashant Srivastava
2 Outline q The NEPM Review and recommendations q CRC CARE and its petroleum program q Health Screening Levels (HSLs) Project q NEPM variation - Schedule B1 Overview and limitations of HSLs q Summary
3 The NEPM The National Environment Protection (Assessment of Site Contamination) Measure 1999 q An overarching framework for the assessment of site contamination and its relationship to the management of site contamination q Schedule A recommended process for site assessment q Schedule B guidelines for site assessment supported by ten guidelines on various technical and administrative aspects of site assessment
4 The NEPM The National Environment Protection (Assessment of Site Contamination) Measure 1999 Purpose [clause 5(1) of the Measure] to establish a nationally consistent approach to the assessment of site contamination to ensure sound environmental management practices by the community which includes regulators, site assessors, environmental auditors, landowners, developers and industry.
5 The NEPM The National Environment Protection (Assessment of Site Contamination) Measure 1999 NEPM review (2006) q To assess whether the current NEPM was operating efficiently and effectively q To examine operational issues q To consider international experience scope of improvements
6 Recommendations from the review 27 recommendations High priority areas 1. NEPM framework effectiveness 2. Ecological investigation levels 3. Health-based investigation levels 4. Groundwater investigation levels 5. Asbestos 6. Petroleum and other hydrocarbons screening levels etc 7. Management and remediation issues
7 CRC CARE q Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment q Established in 2005 q Partnership of industry, government and researchers q End user driven industry, regulators and practitioners q Developing cutting-edge technologies to assess, prevent and remediate contamination of soil, water and air
8 CRC CARE partners ( ) Site owners Industry Government Regulators Researcher Consultants SMEs
9 Petroleum Program q Started in 2006 q Addressing issues related to petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in soil and groundwater q Nationally consistent and harmonised guidance Site characterisation Health screening levels Monitored natural attenuation LNAPL remediation
10 Project Advisory Group (PAG) q q q q q q Chair: Dennis Monahan, Ex Director, VIC EPA Environmental Science Division Coordinator: Prashant Srivastava Regulators Environmental NSW, VIC, QLD, WA and SA Health WA, Commonwealth, VIC DHS Industry AIP, BP, Caltex, Mobil, Shell, Chevron and Rio Tinto Researchers University of South Australia University of Queensland Monash University University of Technology Sydney CSIRO Land and Water Environmental Practitioners (Service Providers) Coffey Environments, GHD and CH2M HILL
11 Site Characterisation q Technical Report no. 2 Protocols and techniques for characterising sites with subsurface petroleum hydrocarbons - a review q Technical Report no. 11* Characterisation of sites impacted by petroleum hydrocarbons - national guideline document * Referenced in the ASC NEPM
12 Petroleum Hydrocarbon Vapours q Technical Report no. 9* Petroleum vapour model comparison q Technical Report no. 12* Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbon vapours q Technical Report no. 13* Field assessment of vapours * Referenced in the ASC NEPM
13 Health Screening Levels (HSLs) q Technical Report no. 10* Development of HSLs for petroleum hydrocarbons Summary Part 1: Technical Document Part 2: Application Document Part 3: Sensitivity Assessment Part 4: Extension Model * Referenced in the ASC NEPM
14 Monitored Natural Attenuation (MNA) q Technical Report no. 3 Natural attenuation: a scoping review q Technical Report no. 15 Technical Guidance for demonstrating monitored natural attenuation of petroleum hydrocarbons in groundwater
15 Other relevant guidance for industry q Contaminant bioavailability and bioaccessibility q Selecting and assessing strategies for remediating LNAPL in soils and aquifers q Behaviour of LNAPLs in fractured rocks q Permeable reactive barriers q Revegetation of contaminated land q Community attitudes towards contaminated land q Safe on-site retention of contaminants
16 NEPM Schedule B1 q Purpose of Assessment of Site Contamination NEPM To determine human health and ecological risks associated with existing site contamination To inform any remediation or management program q NEPM does not provide guidance on prevention of site contamination
17 NEPM Schedule B1 q Framework for the use of Investigation levels (ILs) Screening levels (SLs) q Based on a matrix of human health, and ecological soil and groundwater ILs and SLs q Derivation of health based Ils/SLs (Schedule B7) Based on Australian exposure factor guidance (enhealth) q Risk assessment methodology (Schedule B4)
18 Investigation / Screening levels q Concentrations of a contaminant above which further appropriate investigation and evaluation is required q Screening levels specific to petroleum hydrocarbons q Health screening levels Soil types Depths Land use scenarios q Management Limits After evaluation of human health and ecological risks, and risks to groundwater resources Consider formation of observable LNAPLs, fire and explosion risks, damage to buried infrastructure and aesthetics
19 Investigation / Screening levels q Scientifically based, generic assessment criteria q Tier 1 (first stage) level q Intentionally conservative (based on reasonable worst case scenario) q Specific land-use settings q Not clean up levels q Slight exceedance does not imply unacceptability q Exceedance = further investigation needed Not risk present, clean up required Indicator for more detailed (Tier 2 and 3) assessment
20 CRC CARE HSL Project
21 Technical Working Group (TWG) q Chair: Dennis Monahan q Coordinator: Prashant Srivastava q Regulator NSW DECCW (Erwin Benker / Andrew Mitchell) q Industry BP (Andrew King) q Researcher (Human Health and Risk Assessment) Monash University (Professor Brian Priestly) q Consultant (Service Provider) GHD
22 Project History Stage 1 q Literature Review, Issues and Options ( ) Current practices and methods for developing and applying HSLs and clean-up guidelines (local and international) Information sources available and relevant to the development of HSLs Workshops with PAG to get consensus on issues and identify requirements for further study q Further research ( ) TPH fractionation Vapour Model Selection Vapour biodegradation
23 Project History Stage 2 Detailed derivation of HSLs for soil and groundwater for petroleum hydrocarbons( ) q Part 1 Technical Development Document q Part 2 Applications Document q Part 3 Sensitivity Assessment q Part 4 Extension Model q Summary
24 Project History Stage 3 Peer review and consultation ( ) q International Prof Paul Johnson (Arizona State University) US EPA (Stiven Foster and Henry Schuver) Chem Risk Canada q Local Environmental Risk Sciences (Jackie Wright via enhealth) Workshop on HILs / HSLs with enhealth / NEPM variation team on February 10-11, 2010 NEPM public consultation process (2010) TPH Technical (Laboratory) Working Group (2009)
25 Chemicals TPH fractions Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylenes Naphthalene
26 TPH Fractions Current Australian Practice q 4 carbon fraction ranges q C 6 -C 9, C 10 -C 14, C 15 -C 28, C 29 -C 36 Approach for HSLs (CCME collapsed fractions) q 4 carbon fraction ranges q C 6 -C 10, >C 10 -C 16, >C 16 -C 34, >C 34 -C 40 q HSLs derived based on TPHCWG fractions (13) then merged into CCME fractions (4) q Selected fractions of CCME fit within TPHCWG fractions q No need to split a TPHCWG fraction, only merge the fractions, e.g. >C 10 -C 16 is a combination of >C 10 -C 12 and >C 12 -C 16 q Subtract BTEX from C 6 -C 10 q For legacy sampling, C 6 -C 9 may be used for C 6 -C 10, and C 10 -C 14 may be used for >C 10 -C 16
27 TPH Fractions TPH Workshop and Laboratory Technical Working Group (2009) q NMI, ALS, LabMark, Envirolab, Vic EPA, URS and CRC CARE q Reviewed HSL work and provided comment on the approach q HSLs based on TRH analytical method comprising BTEX and specified carbon chain fractions q Developed consistent approach in TPH analysis amongst labs q New TRH analytical methodology incorporated in NEPM Schedule B3 q Labs are now offering new TRH fractions
28 HSL methodology q Complex mixtures aliphatic + aromatic compounds q Exposure predominantly through vapour or by direct contact with affected soils and groundwater q No validated model for vapour intrusion specifically for Australian conditions q Johnson and Ettinger model adapted as far as practicable for Australian conditions to derive Tier 1 screening criteria for petroleum hydrocarbons q Assessment of vapour migration through a range of soil types and intrusion into building spaces is a specialist area
29 Land use scenarios Residential use, Low density (HSL-A) Residential use, High density (HSL-B) Recreation / Public Open Space (HSL-C) Commercial / Industrial use (HSL-D)
30 Additional scenarios (not in NEPM) q Direct contact HSLs for soil (mg/kg) Dust inhalation Oral ingestion Dermal contact q Shallow (2m) Trench Worker scenario Shallow Trench Worker scenario
31 Soil texture q Based on US Soil Conservation Service classification q Adaptable to Australian Standard AS 1726 classification Sand ~ Coarse Silt ~ Fine with liquid limit less than 50% Clay ~ Fine with liquid limit greater than 50% q Choose the dominant soil type overlying source (> 50% of column)
32 Depth q HSLs developed for different depths Soil: 0 to <1m, 1m to <2m, 2m to <4m, 4m+ Groundwater: 2m to <4m, 4m to <8m, 8m+ Soil vapour: 0 to <1m, 1m to <2m, 2m to <4m, 4m to <8m, 8m+ q For multiple soil sources, treat each soil depth independently (divide site data into depth layers) q With basements, depth needs to be displaced by basement floor depth
33 Biodegradation Site conditions conducive to biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in underslab sub-surface q Presence of oxygen at >5% in soil gas at a depth of 1m below the surface immediately adjacent to the concrete slab q Maximum slab width of 15 m with oxygen access on both sides of the slab for Tier 1 screening purposes q 7-8 m from the exposed soil at the slab boundary considered the maximum lateral underslab penetration of oxygen q Multiplication factor 10x for depths 2 to <4 m 100x for depths >4 m 15 m
34 Multiple lines of evidence approach q Soil and groundwater HSLs - Principal assessment criteria for open excavations (such as tank removal operations) q Soil gas HSLs Main driver for assessing potential health risks from hydrocarbon sources and groundwater plumes under buildings q Soil gas measurement more accurate representation of vapour risks depending on site-specific conditions
35 HSL Applications Document q Must read applications document before applying the HSLs q Preamble describes the caveats for using HSLs q Contents HSL Tables HSL Application Checklist Conceptual site model and receptor identification Key HSL Limitations Soil Type Selection Depth consideration Soil and groundwater concentration considerations (statistical analysis) HSL selection HSL adjustments (Tier 2)
36 Application checklist Application checklist q Presented in Appendix A q Designed to allow conceptualisation of issues q Trigger responses from assessor q Highlights key limitations and considerations q Summarises key items from document
37 Use and limitations of HSLs HSLs will have limited application if q groundwater contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons is present at less than 2m below the ground or basement surface q contaminated groundwater is entering or is in contact with a basement q an observable layer of LNAPL is present in one or more boreholes or monitoring wells q hydrocarbon odour from site contamination is present in buildings or in-ground services which indicates a preferential migration pathway and, potentially, an immediate human health risk
38 Use and limitations of HSLs q The HSL methodology enables parameter inputs to be changed to more accurately reflect local soil, site or building conditions (e.g. differing air exchange rates in buildings in tropical areas). q Input parameters should be representative of long-term conditions and, where insufficient data are available to establish a representative value, a conservative approach should be taken. (e.g. by assuming dry soil moisture conditions in sand)
39 HSL Sensitivity Assessment ceiling height areal ratio cracks in concrete slab air exchange rate concrete slab thickness moisture content organic carbon content Advection (Qsoil/Qbuilding) soil type in crack spacing finite/infinte source vapour biodegradation
40 HSL extension model q Three separate models for VI: soil, groundwater, soil-gas q Separate model for direct contact with soil q All inputs contained in single column q Switch between backward (HSLs) and forward risk calculation q Dropdown boxes for default parameters q Model requires understanding of assumptions and technical inputs in the Technical Development Document
41 Summary q NEPM Schedule B1 provides better guidance on the assessment of site contamination. q The HSLs provide reasonable protection to human health from petroleum hydrocarbon contamination. q The HSLs should not be considered as clean up levels q The HSL application document MUST be read prior to their application.
42 CRC CARE Publications website Technical reports Fact sheets available at:
43 Thank You Questions?
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