FUTURE SCENARIOS FOR BIOREFINERIES
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1 FUTURE SCENARIOS FOR BIOREFINERIES The important role of industrial biotechnology in Europe Michael J. O DONOHUE, PhD, Research Director and Deputy Manager of CEPIA An INRA Division 12/06/2014
2 _01 THE STATUS OF BIOREFINING 2 Michael J O DONOHUE, PhD/ Future scenarios for biorefineries 12/06/2014
3 TODAYS BIOREFINING WHAT ARE THE ISSUES? Public defiance with regard to 1 st generation biorefining LUC and a growing world population Many of Europe s 1 st generation biorefineries are not making money Oil and gas are still competitive (World) Oil per toe; Gas per toe; Coal 70 per toe; Biomass (before conversion) per toe Biomass-fired CHP facilities are developing These benefit from subsidies Affect biomass availability (competitive use) 2 nd generation facilities are slow to come on line Why? 3
4 THE BIOREFINERY AMERICAN STYLE POET-DSM says Iowa cellulosic ethanol plant running by June (2014) Emmetsburg, Iowa Target 75,000 t ethanol per year Approx 500 kt biomass Dupont Biofuel Solutions, announced for 2014 Nevada, Iowa ($235 million) Target 90,000 t ethanol per year Approx 600 kt biomass 4
5 PROBLEMS WITH THE 2G CONCEPT Obsessive focus on glucose or glucocentric technologies 2nd generation biorefining cannot rely on the simple equation: plant biomass=cellulose=glucose In Europe: concerns about biomass availability Decreasing land area dedicated to agriculture Increased competition Excessive/exclusive emphasis on biomass to biofuels Carbon Energy 5
6 _02 BIOMASS AN AVAILABLE RESOURCE? Michael J O DONOHUE, PhD/ La plante, source d énergie renouvelable 6 04/04/2013
7 INFORMATION FROM FP7 BIOCORE 215 Mt cereal straws per year in Europe Only 47 Mt is extractible Majority if straw is in 3 countries France Germany Ukrania 7
8 INFORMATION FROM FP7 BIOCORE >2.5 Mt surplus hardwood* per year in: France Germany Italy Poland Romania Dedicated crops have not yet developed The lack of economic returns is hampering progress in this area Initial investment is quite high, so calculated cost is slightly higher than other biomass (i.e. > 70 per dry ton) (*softwood availability was not studied in BIOCORE) 8
9 BIOMASS IS AVAILABLE BUT. Exact availability is difficult to quantify Current availability of cereal straws and hardwood together do not exceed 70 Mt 1 EJ per year World energy consumption is 500 EJ per year Its necessary to use biomass wisely 9
10 _02 BIOMASS A SUBSTITUTE FOR OIL? Michael J O DONOHUE, PhD/ La plante, source d énergie renouvelable 10 04/04/2013
11 BIOMASS VERSUS OIL A mixture of carbohydrates, proteins, aromatics and minerals Approx 45% carbon 30-40% oxygen Source of energy and carbon Mixture of hydrocarbons Alkanes, aromatics.. Approx 88% carbon Little oxygen Source of energy and carbon 11 04/04/2013
12 OIL REFINING Oil Naptha Other Distillates Steam-cracking Fuels and gas Olefins BTX Backbone of chemistry 12 A highly efficient industry in which minority products (<10%) generate >20% of revenue 12 04/04/2013
13 BIOMASS IS AVAILABLE BUT. In the post oil era biomass is not the only source of renewable energy Wind, and wave-power, hydroelectric energy, solar energy etc The real challenge is energy storage Biofuels are perhaps a very temporary answer to this conundrum Biomass might be better used as a source of carbon But it still must be used efficiently 13
14 _03 HOW CAN BIOMASS BE USED EFFICIENTLY? 14
15 WHOLE BIOMASS BIOREFINERY CONCEPTS Move on from glucocentricity Use all of the components Leave aside pretreatment technologies that decompose biomass components Avoid the destruction of complexity (i.e. production of simple C1 and C2 molecules) Derive maximum value Reserve process wastes for energy production Profit from Nature s tools Prefer biocatalysis since this is generally better able to deal with biochemicals 15
16 ORGANOSOLV PULPING A SMART PRETREATMENT? Biomass pretreatment technology Uses organic solvents to dissolve lignin Yields high quality cellulose pulp and lignin fractions CIMV technology Formic acid/acetic acid Operates at <105 C Yields undegraded hemicellulose, cellulose and modified lignins 16
17 VALORIZATION OF LIGNIN 100% biobased polyurethane elastomers Wood adhesives Polyurethane foams 17
18 Itaconic acid for alkyd coating VALORIZATION OF SUGARS Bioethanol as a building block chemical Yeast/fungal-mediated fermentation Titer > 160 g.l -1 Rate > 2 g.l -1.h -1 Yield > 0.9 g.g -1 xylose Progress hampered by inhibitors Xylitol for confectionary, cosmetics and polymers 18
19 _04 BIOTECHNOLOGY: THE CORNERSTONE OF BIOREFINING? 19
20 WHAT CAN BIOTECH DO? Provide new enzyme systems for biomass hydrolysis Offer microbial strains for a wide variety of bioconversions Propose new process configurations using the power of Nature s designs Integrated, smart systems that will allow downsizing 20
21 LOOKING INTO THE CRYSTAL BALL The exploration of microbial ecosystems will reveal new enzymes and paradigms UNK CBM UNK Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 Thousands of enzymes are being regularly discovered Understanding the action of microbial consortia will provide access to efficient consolidated biorefineries Microbiology: Woodworker's digest Andreas Brune Nature 450, (22 November 2007) doi: /450487a One-pot type systems combining hydrolysis and fermentation 21 Mining for hemicellulases in the fungusgrowing termite Pseudacanthotermes militaris using functional metagenomics Bastien et al Biotechnology for Biofuels (2013). 6, 78
22 % yield LOOKING INTO THE CRYSTAL BALL Enzyme engineering will create new opportunities to use pentose sugars Tailored synthesis of oligosaccharides, glycoconjugates and made-to-measure polymers Synthetic biology will create new artificial pathways for pentose bioconversion Work in Toulouse is advancing towards these two goals! Molecular evolution of transglycosylase activity Mutant 2 Time min) Mutant 1 WT enzyme Arab-Jaziri, F. et al. (2013) Engineering transglycosidase activity into a GH51 α-larabinofuranosidase New Biotechnol. 30(5): Bissaro, B. et al (2013) Mutation of a phmodulating residue in a GH51 α-larabinofuranosidase leads to a severe reduction of the secondary hydrolysis of transfuranosylation products. Biochimica Biophysica Acta. 1840( 1),
23 _05 NEW AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS IN FRANCE AND EUROPE Michael J O DONOHUE, PhD/ La plante, source d énergie renouvelable 23 04/04/2013
24 FRANCE BIOTECH S/MEDTECH SECTOR 186 life science companies >4000 employees (ie mainly SMEs) >250 M revenues Approx 300 M invested in R&D Strong links with academia Source France Biotech
25 TOULOUSE WHITE BIOTECH A center of excellence for industrial biotechnology A platform dedicated to the conversion of academic knowledge into early stage technology A public-private partnership 19 companies 6 investment funds 9 public partners A service provider for European biotech players 25
26 TOULOUSE WHITE BIOTECH TWB was granted 20 million from the government (over 10 years) 10 million for infrastructure/equipment 800 m 2 rented lab space 1600 m 2 extra in 2014/2015 Human resources staff members 8.2 million contracts signed in ,500 membership fees per year ( ) 26
27 EUROPE S WHITE BIOTECH BUILDING THE BIOECONOMY Europe holds a leading position in the development and production of enzymes. It is also strong in biochemicals, intermediates and bio-base polymers, and a weaker position in the biofuels industry Weaknesses: Only a few technology providers for cellulosic biomass conversion Weak technology transfer GMOs and transgenic plants not accepted Too much duplication and not enough high quality networking (M. O Donohue) National priorities dilute EU capacity EU has the lowest level of investment in demonstration Source : KET Industrial Biotechnology working group June
28 2 AN (UTOPIC?) IDEA FOR THE FUTURE Create an elite EU white biotech infrastructure Open and offer the best of Europe to researchers and companies Mutualize strategy and amplify progress Bring critical mass and capability to major challenges E.g. biorefining Share best practice and train tomorrow s elite
29 THANKS FOR THE INVITATION THANKS FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION Michael J. O DONOHUE, PhD, Research Director and Deputy Manager of CEPIA An INRA Division 12/06/2014
BIO-COMMODITY REFINING:
http://www.biocore-europe.org BIO-COMMODITY REFINING: A MULTI FEEDSTOCK, MULTIPRODUCT BIOREFINERY CONCEPT Michael J. O DONOHUE FP7 GRANT AGREEMENT N 241566 A 4-YEAR EU PROJECT The consortium 25 Partners
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