Intro to sustainable hydropower and environmental flows
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1 Environmental Flows Workshop Ankara 21 November 2013 Intro to sustainable hydropower and environmental flows Key Issues, intro to methods Dr. Jian-hua Meng, WWF International
2 Environmental Flows Workshop welcome back! Dr. Jian-hua Meng, WWF International
3 Environmental Flows Flow is the 'master variable' Richter, TNC
4 Ecosystem goods and services foods production drinking water supply agricultural water supply groundwater recharge water quality restoration/regulation economic goods cultural / heritage / spiritual services floodplain storage river delta / estuary protection coastal and marine systems... Intact freshwater ecosystems are fundamental River flows. Environmental flows. Free flowing rivers
5 Provisioning Services: drinking and irrigation water, a source for food and energy, and an economic basis Regulating Services: water purification, groundwater stock balancing and feeding, salinity prevention, flood mitigation, sediment transport and retention Cultural Services: recreation, aesthetic and spiritual values Supporting Function: nutrient cycling, primary production, habitat provision, biodiversity maintenance
6 Sediment deficit Mississppi example 1930 today source: Dan Swenson, The rise and disappearance of Southeast Louisiana, multimedia/flash.ssf?flashlandloss1.swf 1930
7 Engineering Era Flow releases for: Hydropower generation Downstream allocations (e.g. agriculture, cities) Navigation Dilution of pollution Common to have zero flow McClain, UNESCO-IHE
8 Hoover Dam Glen Canyon Dam McClain, UNESCO-IHE
9 First approaches: Tennant Method Based on field studies from 11 streams in 3 States conducted between 1964 and 1974 Involved physical, chemical, and biological analyses Seasonally variable base flows and flushing flows Recognized as a reconnaissance-level method Tennant, 1976 McClain, UNESCO-IHE
10 Ecological Era Tennant, 1976
11 10% of the average annual flow was found to be the minimum instantaneous flow needed to sustain short-term survival. A flow of 30% of the average annual flow was required to maintain good habitat for aquatic life; at this flow, widths, depths, and velocities were generally satisfactory, streambanks provided some cover, and larger fishes could pass most riffles. Optimum habitat was provided by flows of % of the average annual flow and flushing flows were 200% of the average annual flow. Tennant, 1976 McClain, UNESCO-IHE
12 Environmental Flows The Brisbane Definition Environmental flows describe the quantity, timing, and quality of water flows required to sustain freshwater and estuarine ecosystems and the human livelihoods and well-being that depend on these ecosystems. Richter, TNC
13 Environmental Flows How this translates to dams operations How much, and at what times, must water be released from the dam to sustain ecosystem health and services? Richter, TNC
14 Environmental Flows Richter, TNC
15 All Methods Begin with Objective Setting What is the desired ecological state of the river? Which environmental services are to be maintained and for whom? Fisheries (food & recreation) Water purification / sediment retention Flood protection Riparian forests Recreation (e.g. rafting) Esthetics & cultural heritage Which national laws or policies are affected?
16 Classification example South Africa
17 Environmental Flows A) RIVER FLOWING THROUGH A CONSERVATION AREA B) RIVER FLOWING THROUGH AN URBAN AREA F L O W Natural flows Environmental flows F L O W Natural flows Environmental flows ONE YEAR ONE YEAR Richter, TNC
18 Classification EU
19 Basic Approaches to setting Eflow Standards Minimum flow thresholds Annual or seasonal minimum flow levels to not be undercut Variation percentage of natural flow Bands of allowable alterations from the natural flow regime (sustainability boundaries) Systematic construction of a modified flow regime Specification of flow elements representing well defined features of the flow regime intended to achieve particular ecological, geomorphological, water quality, social or other objectives in the modified system
20 Minimum flow thresholds Single or seasonal minimum flow level not to be exceeded 7Q10: 7-day minimum flow with a recurrence period of 10 years (originally intended for pollution control) Q95: daily or monthly flow that is exceeded 95% of the time (other exceedence levels may also be selected) x % Mean Annual Flow: commonly set at 30%, although common to vary seasonally (e.g. 50% in summer, 30% in winter, 40% in fall and spring) Little attention to natural variability of rivers or to ecological or other social needs. No ecological basis for low flow threshold.
21 River Flow or Water Level Percent of Natural Flow Regime High Flows Sustainability Boundaries Normal or Low Flows Baseline Conditions undepleted and unregulated Day of Year Richter et al. (2011)
22 River Flow Presumptive Standards Sustainability Boundaries Moderate Level of Ecological Protection +/ % from natural High Level of Ecological Protection +/- 0-10% from natural Natural Flows (undepleted and unregulated) Increasing Ecological Risk Increasing Ecological Risk Day of the year Richter et al. (2011)
23 Discharge Systematic construction of a modified flow regime CHANNEL MAINTENANCE/ FLUSHING FLOOD (second building block) HABITAT MAINTENANCE FLOOD (second building block) SPAWNING/ MIGRATION FRESHES (third building block) LOW FLOW (first building block) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Months
24 Environmental Flows Operation Scheme for Savannah River Richter, TNC
25 Scoping Preparatory Phase Geomorphological Survey Selection of Study Sites Definition of Present and Desired Ecological Condition Objective focused Assessment Phase Biological Surveys Hydraulic Analysis Social Surveys Hydrological Analysis Water Quality Assessment Detailed studies & Selection of indicators Synthesis & Consensus-Building Phase Workshop to Establish Flow Recommendations Communicate Recommendations to Policy Makers Facilitated process using data, models, & expert knowledge to reach consensus UNESCO-IHE / McClain (2013)
26 Implementing Environmental Flows 1. Fully engage stakeholders in every aspect of eflow assessment and decision-making. 2. Identify and grasp opportunities for eflow integration. 3. Define eflow needs using a holistic approach, utilizing the best available knowledge and tools 4. Assess eflow needs before designing a dam s structural features. 5. For existing dams, seek to integrate eflow needs and implement opportunistically. 6. Be clear about desired outcomes and the flows necessary to achieve them, and monitor outcomes during implementation.
27 The Protocol
28 Downstream Flows basic good practice 28
29 Downstream Flows best practice 29
30 Environmental Flows Workshop teşekkür ederim thank you Key Issues, intro to methods Dr. Jian-hua Meng, WWF International
31
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