Environmental flows: the state of science at home & abroad. Peter Lind GHD Aquatic Sciences Group Melbourne, Australia

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1 Environmental flows: the state of science at home & abroad Peter Lind GHD Aquatic Sciences Group Melbourne, Australia

2 Melbourne

3 What is an environmental flow? 10 th International River Symposium & International Environmental Flows Conference Brisbane scientists, economists, engineers, resource managers & policy makers from 57 nations Brisbane Declaration The quantity, quality & timing of water flows required to sustain freshwater & estuarine ecosystems & the human livelihoods & well-being that depend on these ecosystems

4 Quantity

5 Quality

6 Timing Australian Grayling (Galaxiella pusilla) Catadromous, threatened & rare Downstream spawning migration April-May Triggered by high flows Upstream migration adults (June-July) & juveniles (Sept-Dec) Triggered by high flows Only spawn one or twice Only live 3-4 years Appropriate flows critical

7 Sustain freshwater & estuarine ecosystems

8 Sustain human livelihoods & well-being

9 Why do we need environmental flows? History of regulation & changes to natural flow regimes 6,000-8,000 years ago Civilisation emerged along Tigris, Euphrates, Nile & Indus Rivers Dams & canals for irrigation AD Roman aqueducts sustained populations >1 million Canals to drain lakes & wetlands for agriculture 2,500 years ago Chinese levees for flood control & water warfare

10 Why do we need environmental flows? Regulation & changes to natural flow regimes Dams, reservoirs, weirs & levees Extraction & diversions Declining groundwater levels Changes in runoff (e.g. vegetation, forestry & urbanisation) Inter-basin transfers Channelisation

11 Why do we need environmental flows? Tharme, R.E. (2003). A global perspective on environmental flow assessment: Emerging trends in the development and application of environmental flow methodologies for rivers. River Research and Applications, 19:

12 Why do we need environmental flows? Zarfl, C., Lumsdon, A.E., Berlekamp, J., Tydecks, L. and Tockner, K. (2014). A global boom in hydropower dam construction. Aquatic Sciences, 77(1):

13 Why do we need environmental flows? Lehner, B., Reidy Liermann, C., Carmen, R., Vorosmarty, C., Fekete, B. (2011). High-resolution mapping of the world s reservoirs and dams for sustainable river flow management. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 9(9):

14 Impacts of regulation & changes to natural flow regimes Physical Sediment, groundwater interactions Chemical Temperature, oxygen, salinity Habitat Decreases & increases Biological Spawning cues Food web dynamics Ecosystem processes & function Nutrient cycling

15 Environmental flow research Since turn of 20 th century water management focused on supply, flood protection & hydroelectricity Environmental flow research driven by concerns over deterioration Biodiversity Ecosystem condition & function

16 Environmental flow research 1940s USA to maintain commercial fisheries Minimum flow for habitat maintenance Assumed flow for habitat & food would maintain ecosystem In US and Europe minimum flows to mitigate poor water quality

17 Environmental flow research Rapid progress 1970s New environmental legislation Increased dam construction US Clean Water Act 1972 Restore & maintain chemical, physical & biological integrity Formalised hydrological & hydraulic analyses, habitat simulation 1980s UK, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand Followed by Brazil, Japan & Europe Others

18 Environmental flow research Late 1990s focus changed to ecosystems Natural Flow Regime Paradigm* Rivers 4D - longitudinal, lateral, vertical & temporal Multiple components of a flow regime High, low, floods, etc. Multiple attributes of flow components Magnitude, frequency, duration, timing, etc All play role in ecosystem function *Poff, L.N., Allan, J.D., Bain, M.D., Karr, J.R., Prestegaard, K.L. and Richter, B.D. (1997). The natural flow regime - a paradigm for river conservation and restoration, Bioscience, 47(11):

19 Components of flow regime

20 Environmental flow research In 2002, more than 200 methods worldwide Small single reach (simple) Large catchment, bioregions, political provinces, countries (more complex) Multiple values now considered (e.g. stakeholder & indigenous)

21 Environmental flow research Environmental flow papers Top 10 countries Tonkin, J.D., Jahnig, S.C. and Haase, P. (2014). The rise of riverine flow-ecology and environmental flow research. Environmental Processes, 1(3):

22 Environmental flow research Poff, L.N. and Zimmerman, J.K.H. (2009). Ecological responses to altered flow regimes: a literature review to inform the science and management of environmental flows, Freshwater Biology, 55(1):

23 Environmental flow methods Four main categories Hydrological Hydraulic rating Habitat simulation Holistic Increased complexity, cost, time, data requirements, technical knowledge, confidence, accuracy

24 Environmental flow methods Hydrological Primarily desktop Historical flow records Flow targets based on % values To maintain habitat or condition Hydraulic rating Desktop & field surveys Historical flow records & hydraulic variables Wetted permitter, depth Flow targets based on hydraulic variables as surrogate for ecosystem requirements Tools within habitat simulation and holistic methods

25 Environmental flow methods Habitat simulation Desktop & field surveys Uses historical flow records & hydraulic variables Multiple cross-sections Multiple hydraulic variables Flow targets based on habitat conditions and/or ecosystem requirements Range of species or communities Useful to examine variety of alternative flow scenarios Tool within holistic methods Macquarie perch spawning 750 ML/day

26 Environmental flow methods Holistic Desktop & intensive field surveys Ecosystem scale approach Multiple values Variety of data, scientific & stakeholder input Uses historical flow records, gauged flow & rainfall Flow-ecology relationships Flow targets based multiple components of flow regime Ecological, geomorphological, etc. Seasonal variation (wet v dry years) Often incorporates hydrological, hydraulic rating & habitat simulation

27 Environmental flow methods Tharme, R.E. (2003). A global perspective on environmental flow assessment: Emerging trends in the development and application of environmental flow methodologies for rivers. River Research and Applications, 19:

28 FLOWS determines environmental flow requirements in Victoria, Australia Department of Environment & Primary Industries Developed 2002 & updated 2013 Updates include drought experience, increased knowledge of flow requirements, seasonally adaptive, better hydraulic modelling, etc. Provides consistent state-wide approach

29 FLOWS determines environmental flow requirements in Victoria, Australia Complex & multi-disciplinary Client project manager (e.g. Water Corp, Government) Steering committee (multiple agencies) Project Advisory Group (PAG) e.g. landholders, irrigators, environmental representatives Consultant project manager & project team Environmental Flows Technical Panel (EFTP) Aquatic ecologist Fluvial geomorphologist Hydrologist Hydraulic modeller Additional specialists

30 FLOWS determines environmental flow requirements in Victoria, Australia Hydrological modelling Daily time-series Data from gauging stations Rainfall data in absence of gauging stations Should use 30 years of data Characteristics of unimpacted flow regime determined Current v unimpacted

31 FLOWS determines environmental flow requirements in Victoria, Australia

32 FLOWS determines environmental flow requirements in Victoria, Australia Identify flow related assets & issues Species & communities Flora & fauna Processes Longitudinal and lateral linkages Geomorphic processes Nutrient cycling Water quality Habitats Channel morphology Instream habitat Wetlands & floodplain

33 FLOWS determines environmental flow requirements in Victoria, Australia Develop environmental objectives Asset Objective Function Flow component Timing Expected response Response time Native Fish Maintain or rehabilitate populations Australian Grayling Provide opportunities for migration & spawning High flow Autumn (April May) Maintain or improve abundance Short to medium

34 FLOWS determines environmental flow requirements in Victoria, Australia Develop flow recommendations EFTP integrates outputs from previous tasks Reach based recommendations Components of flow regime (high flows, low flows, etc.) Attributes of components (magnitude, frequency, duration, etc.) Dry, average & wet years

35 FLOWS determines environmental flow requirements in Victoria, Australia Neal, B., Sheedy, T., Gody, W. and Hansen, W. (2005). Modelling of Complex Daily Environmental Flow Recommendations with a Monthly Resource Allocation Model. 29th Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium, February 2005, Canberra, Australia

36 FLOWS determines environmental flow requirements in Victoria, Australia

37 FLOWS determines environmental flow requirements in Victoria, Australia Follow up work & considerations Level of uncertainty Environmental flow compliance Interactions between flow components & reaches Other catchment disturbances Complementary actions Acceptable deviations from recommendations Risks due to recommendations (e.g. high flows) Operational constraints Monitoring

38 Future challenges for environmental flows Competition between regions, countries, etc. Climate change Estimated global food resources need to double by 2050 Rivers & lakes 100,000 km 3 freshwater (<0.01% on earth) 70% world s freshwater for agriculture Need balance between multiple values Economic, social, heritage, cultural, religious & environmental values Other impacts & infrastructure

39 Environmental flows Canada Linnansaari et. al., (2013) reviewed environmental flows across Canada & internationally Many provinces no established framework Some uncontroversial situations - no harmful alteration, disruption or disturbance to fish habitat (HADD) No large-scale frameworks (case-by-case) Despite Canadian Fisheries Act Section 32 prohibits "destruction of fish by means other than fishing 35 prohibits "harmful alteration, disruption or destruction of fish habitat" (i.e. HADD)

40 Environmental flows Canada Two options for National Canadian framework Ecological Limits of Hydrologic Alteration (ELOHA; Poff et. al., 2010) Expensive & time required Presumptive standard (Richter et. al., 2011) high protection flow within 10% of natural moderate protection flow within 10-20% moderate to major changes > 20% of the natural flow Two-tiered framework Level 1 hydrologically-based guidelines Level 2 holistic approach

41 Environmental flows: the state of science at home & abroad Peter Lind GHD Aquatic Sciences Group Melbourne, Australia

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