Physics 100 Lecture 23. Geothermal Energy April 23, 2018

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1 1 Physics 100 Lecture 23 Geothermal Energy April 23, 2018

2 2 The Interior of the Earth

3 3 Plate Tectonics Earth s crust is divided into moving tectonic plates. The intersections of these plates are the focus of geologic activity.

4 4 Subduction Zone Friction between the plates brings hot material near the surface: Volcanoes Geysers Hot springs

5 5 Hot Water Geothermal System Heat from the Earth produces steam that can be used to generate electricity. One of 21 geothermal power plants called The Geysers in northern California

6 6 Types of Geothermal Resources Hydrothermal Systems (shallow, small, localized) Wet steam superheated water flashes into one part steam and four parts hot water. Dry steam the water boils far underground and the steam is brought to the surface to drive a generator. Hot Dry Rock Systems water from surface is circulated through cracks in hot subsurface rocks

7 7 Types of Geothermal Resources Geopressurized reservoirs hot, liquid brines in large, very deep (3 km to 6 km below the surface) areas and are under very high pressure. We currently lack the technology to fully exploit this resource. Low-Temperature Geothermal Resources hot water can be brought to the surface and used for space heating, greenhouses, fish farming, etc.

8 8 Geothermal Energy in the US Temperature <90C o Temperature >90C Geopressured resources

9 9 Which state has the most geothermal energy? A. Florida B. Wisconsin C. Utah D. Vermont

10 10 Which state has the most geothermal energy? A. Florida B. Wisconsin C. Utah D. Vermont Temperature <90C o Temperature >90C Geopressured resources

11 11 What makes geothermal energy unique from other renewable energies (solar, wind, biomass, etc.)? A. It produces no gaseous emissions at all. B. It works both day and night. C. It is not derived from the Sun. D. It can be harnessed anywhere in the U.S.

12 12 At what rate is energy conducted through each square meter of 300-m-thick rock (R = 275 m 2 C/W) if DT is 205 C? A W B W C W D. 275 W

13 13 At what rate is energy conducted through each square meter of 300-m-thick rock (R = 275 m 2 C/W) if DT is 205 C? A W B W C W D. 275 W Qc t ADT R 1 m C m C W W

14 14 Suppose a geothermal system generates steam at 227 C when the outside temperature is 27 C. What is the maximum efficiency of the power plant? A. 20% B. 40 % C. 50% D. 60%

15 15 Suppose a geothermal system generates steam at 227 C when the outside temperature is 27 C. What is the maximum efficiency of the power plant? A. 20% B. 40 % C. 50% D. 60% T T e H C max K K T 300 K 1 C 1 40% T 500 K The steam temperature in a coal-fired plant is often 825 K, for a max efficiency of 64%. In either case we can achieve about half of the maximum efficiency, and geothermal plants are less efficient than fossil fuel plants. H

16 16 Problems with Geothermal Energy Many geothermal facilities vent smelly H 2 S from the ground. High concentrations of H 2 S are hazardous to human health. Many minerals are contained in the wastewater, affecting stream or lake chemistry, corroding equipment, clogging pipes. Removing lots of water can cause the land above to settle.

17 17 Residential Geothermal Energy: Earth-Sheltered Homes Subsurface temperature is a steady 52 F (11 C) Underground areas of the home are cooled in the summer and warmed in the winter relative to surrounding air

18 18 Earth-sheltered homes De Soto, WI Honingham, UK Umbricht Haus, Schweiz, Germany Cumbria, UK

19 19 Geothermal heat pumps (Ch. 5 pp ) A heat pump draws energy from outside a home to heat it, or from inside a home to cool it. Heat engine It is a heat engine operated in reverse. See Chapter 5, pages Heat pump

20 20 Geothermal heat pumps COLD HOT HOT COLD Figure 5.18 p. 143

21 21 Coefficient of Performance heat transferred Q COP electricity input W H

22 22 How much heat can a 2.0-kW heat pump add to a house in one day of continuous operation if it has a COP of 3.6? A. 590,000 BTU B. 360,000 BTU C. 200,000 BTU D. 184,000 BTU

23 23 How much heat can a 2.0-kW heat pump add to a house in one day of continuous operation if it has a COP of 3.6? QH A. 590,000 BTU B. 360,000 BTU C. 200,000 BTU D. 180,000 BTU COP QH COP W W Q COP Q H H Pt kw 24 h kwh J 590,000 BTU J kwh 1 BTU 1055 J

24 24 Geothermal heat pump economics Average WI 2017 rates Electric 9.97 Nat. gas X X Fig p.145

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