ASTSWMO Landfill Gas Issues October 29, 2009 Bethesda, Maryland

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1 Think Green. Think Waste Management. cleantech.jpg Chuck White Director of Regulatory Affairs/West Waste Management, Inc. ASTSWMO Landfill Gas Issues What is Landfill Gas? Anaerobic Decomposition of Organic Waste Cork About half METHANE and half CARBON DIOXIDE as produced in the waste Nitrogen and Oxygen introduced by air intrusion 450 to 550 BTU per cubic foot of landfill gas Flow will increase while landfill is still open, and decrease when landfill closes Cork the Flares!! California Landfill Methane Capture Methane times the GWP of CO2 Compliance by January 2011 Requires gas collection and control systems on landfills where not currently required Establish statewide performance standards to maximize methane capture efficiencies ARB & CIWMB to explore opportunities for increased energy recovery from landfill methane gas 2 4 MMTCO2e reductions expected by

2 Zero-Waste Initiatives are Everywhere Seattle 75% by k tons/yr Oakland 90% by k tons/yr San Jose 100% by k tons/yr Madison 65% by k tons/yr Vermont 50% by 2005* 450k tons/yr *Goal not met Albuquerque 100% by k tons/yr Targeted Initiatives Resolutions Austin 90% by k tons/yr Organics Diversion is a Key Component of Many of these Initiatives!! Florida 75% by M tons/yr 4 California Air Resources Board Low Carbon Fuel Standard California Low Carbon Fuel Standard 10 % Reduction in CA fuel carbon intensity by is baseline All fuel producers Reduction gradual and weighted to later years 16 MMTCO2e reductions expected by % of AB 32 target Increase use of biofuels electricity & biodiesel 2

3 Carbon Intensity of Alternative Fuels Fuel Fuel Production Pathway G CO2 eq/mj Gasoline Produced in Western US 96 ULS Diesel Produced in Western US 95 CNG North American Natural Gas 68 CNG/LNG From Landfill Gas 11 Biodiesel Midwest Soybeans, Oil, Tallow Ethanol Midwest Corn with NG mill 81 Ethanol Midwest Corn with Coal mill 105 Cellulosic Ethanol From Waste Derived Materials 20 WM s Natural Gas Fleet (20% and growing!) WM s California Truck Fleet: Diesel 2800 LNG/CNG 700 Total LFG to LNG Recovery and Utilization of Biomethane Landfill Gas for Transportation Fuel Altamont Landfill & Recycling Center, Fall 2009 $15 million capital investment 13,000 Bio-LNG Gallons/day Super Ultra Low Carbon Fuel lowest in CA Largest effort to introduce onsite liquefaction for landfill gas recovery in North America Utilize biogas resources and displace fossil fuels 3

4 Landfill s GCCS Overview LNG Production Process Raw LFG is fed into the gas purification system; A multi-step process that includes compression, chilling, adsorption & membranes to remove impurities from the gas stream. Impurities include sulfur, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, & alcohols. The purified stream is then fed into a liquefier where the gas stream is cooled to below the natural gas boiling point of -260 F to produce liquefied natural gas (LNG). The impurities are fed into a flare and destroyed along with additional LFG. Process & Instrument Diagram 4

5 Simplified Illustration of Altamont LFG to LNG Process CO2, N2 removal Fine contaminants removal Compression and expansion LNG Storage Compression Heat Exchanger Incoming landfill gas Cold box CH4 = 46% N2 = 12% CO2 = 37% O2 = 1.3% H2S = 100 ppm H2O = 3.4% VOC = 0.3% SULFUR TREAT Treatment Train MEMBRANE SKID CH4 = 96% N2 = 3.3% CO2 = 0% O2 = 0.6% H2S = 0 ppm H2O = 0.0% VOC = 0.0% LNG STORAGE MOLECULAR SIEVE LIQUEFACTION LNG Plant Overview 5

6 Altamont Landfill LFG To LNG Project Summary Waste Management & Linde: world s largest plant to convert landfill gas (LFG) to Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) 13,000 gallons/day (4 million gallons/yr) of transportation grade LNG. The $15.3M project funding includes $1.4 million in grant assistance from the CIWMB, CARB, and the South Coast Air Quality Management Board. The LNG production has reached 10,000 gallons per day in current testing & commissioning LNG Project Benefits The Bio-LNG produced will be used to fuel WM s fleet of natural gas powered collection vehicles. The Bio-LNG will be transported to fueling stations throughout California to be used by collection trucks. The Bio-LNG is burned in clean burning natural gas engines and will have 88% less carbon emissions than diesel engines the lowest carbon fuel in California!! Reduced vehicle NOx and particulate emissions by up to 75% compared to those of a diesel engine will also be realized. The project offers a unique opportunity to close the loop by fueling hundreds of collection trucks with clean fuel produced from garbage decomposition that produces LFG. Renewable Anaerobic Composter (RAC) Single RAC Pod Methane Gas Recovery Compost Co-Product Multiple RAC Pods in Series RAC POD Cross-Section (not to scale) Pilot Projects in: Ohio Kentucky California 6

7 RAC: History & Introduction Ramin Yazdani at Yolo County LF piloted a full scale above ground level anaerobic digester in 2007 and The data was published at the Global Waste Management Symposia in October, WM modified this technique for use with food waste and yard waste in combination. Additionally WM expanded the technology for a complete system and made it in-situ to improve the efficiency in cool weather. Yolo County Landfill Pilot Anaerobic Digester 2007 / 2008 Pilot conducted at Yolo County LF by Ramin Yazdani Yolo County System Design 7

8 The Modified WM System Engineered to operate 12 to 24 cells and a capacity > 100,000 tpy (>300 tpd). While cells can be operated above ground, in-situ cells are less effected by temperature and produce more energy. By adding food waste the gas production is approximately doubled. The cells are larger than conventional dry batch anaerobic systems allowing for greater yields. Systems can be economically operated at Landfills, Transfer Stations and other locations with sufficient space. The WM In-situ RAC Pod System Individual RAC Pod 8

9 Solon Ohio RAC: late July 2009 Reclaimable Anaerobic Composter (RAC) WM Reclaimable Anaerobic Digester (RAC) Modules of 2,000 tons each can be added in increments as demand develops The geo-membrane digesters are reusable and similar to landfill cells Produces renewable green power and produces a compost product Proposed RAD launch schedule: 2009: Cuyahoga LF (OH) and Outer Loop LF (KY) 2010: Fitchburg LF (MA) 2010: Lancaster LF (CA) and El Sobrante LF (CA) Sequence of Operations: Emissions Stage or Phase Odor Methane VOC s Shredding and mixing stage Y N Y Placement of Feedstock into the RAC /Charging Y <0.5% Y Interim covering and emissions control of the individual RAC pods Sealing of the individual RAC and transition to anaerobic phase Y N Y N N N Optional Air Blow Stage N N Y Energy Production Phase N N N Removal of Digestate Y <2% Y Complete Maturation of the Digestate N <2% N Emergency operation Y <1% Y Y potential for emissions, N -- no potential for emissions, % of total yield. 9

10 Why a RAC Pod System? The system is practical compared to most EU technology: Small parasitic load. Preparation is simple, < 4 dia. System can handle OCS. The RAC system is significantly less capital intensive than classical AD systems. The formation of recycling ECO-Parks decreases the transportation carbon footprint, by locating many processes at one location. RAC Emissions Estimate WM estimates 95.5% capture of all methane generated based on the projected yield of 150 cubic feet of methane per ton of charge in place less tonnage of seed material yielding a projected ultimate capture efficiency of >97.75%. Anaerobic Digestion Conversion Technology The dry fermentation process anaerobically (without oxygen) digests waste material to produce methane over a 28-day period. 1) Waste material placed in an air-tight building for 28 days (typically 50/50 mix of yard/food waste) 2) Percolate and bacteria recirculated during digestion 3) Biogas collected and extracted at top of building, 4) Methane Gas cleaned and sold or burned for electricity 10

11 Terrabon Terrabon acid fermentation technology converts bio-organic waste into a proprietary green gasoline and other non-fuel chemicals Flexible plant size allows facilities to be placed strategically in accordance with available waste stream Financing allows the Company to complete a 5 ton per day pretreatment semi-works plant and green gasoline processing plant, as well as begins site engineering on a 55 ton per day pilot facility at the Valero Refinery in Port Arthur, Texas Valero Energy is a partner and will have rights to market the fuel WM has a right of first offer to supply organic waste streams and also has the right to invest in future projects Waste Management will initially own 10% of Terrabon WM and Valero Sites in North America Conversion Technology Any Questions? 11