1. Energy to do work 2. Raw material to build/repair things (nutrients)
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2 1. Energy to do work 2. Raw material to build/repair things (nutrients) Living things are built from water Nutrients: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen 3. Essential nutrients are cycled through environment through biogeochemical processes
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4 Elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism and from one part of the biosphere to another in biogeochemical cycles Biogeochemical Cycles - The cycling of chemicals though the living and non-living parts of an ecosystem Water cycle Carbon Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Phosphorus Cycle Nutrient Cycles - A nutrient is a chemical substance that an organism needs to sustain life
5 Water moves between the ocean, atmosphere, and land Water evaporates from bodies of water into the atmosphere Water can also enter the atmosphere through transpiration (process by which water is lost through the leaves of plants)
6 Precipitation over ocean (90%) Evaporation Surface runoff (rapid) Ocean storage Condensation Transpiration from plants Surface runoff (rapid) Runoff Rain clouds Groundwater movement (slow) Precipitation over land (10%) Infiltration and percolation Groundwater movement (slow) ONLY 1% OF ALL WATER ON EARTH IS ACCESSABLE AND USABLE TO LIVING THINGS!!!
7 What are the 2 ways water can enter atmosphere? Evaporation Transpiration What process move water from air to ground? Precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, hail) What is one way by which water might make its way to ocean? Runoff
8 Roles of Phosphorus Important component of DNA and RNA ATP = Adenosine TriPHOSPHATE Cell membrane Does not enter atmosphere (does not form a gas) Stages in the cycle Phosphorus is found in rocks and sediment which gets moved by water Plants absorb phosphorus in the form of phosphate from soil and water Heterotrophs consume plants, etc.
9 DNA and RNA ATP Fertilizers Rocks Fun fact: Phosphorus compounds are widely used in explosives, friction matches, tooth paste, and detergents.
10 Cycles through land only Passed through food chain
11 The roles of nitrogen: Important component of amino acids Major component of fertilizer (NO 3- ) Major component of atmosphere (N 2 ) What molecules contain nitrogen? N 2 NO - 3 Nitrogen Gas Nitrate NH 3 Ammonia NO - 2 Nitrite
12 Amino acids and proteins Bases of nucleic acids Chlorophyll and other organic molecules 79% of Earth's atmosphere Nitrates of soil
13 Nitrogen gas (N 2 ) cannot be used by plants so it must be converted into a usable form. Soil bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonia (NH 3 ) in the process of nitrogen fixation. More soil bacteria convert ammonia into nitrates (NO 3- ) and nitrites (NO 2- ) a usable form. Other soil bacteria then convert nitrates and nitrites back into nitrogen gas, which is known as denitrification.
14 Some bacteria live in a symbiotic relationship with plants of the legume family (e.g., soybeans, clover, peanuts) and fix nitrogen for the plant.
15 Nitrogen in atmosphere (N 2 ) Animals Plants Assimilation Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules of legumes Decomposers (aerobic and anaerobic bacteria & fungi) Ammonification Nitrification Nitrates (NO 3- ) Denitrifying bacteria Nitrifying bacteria Nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria Ammonium (NH 4+ ) Nitrifying bacteria Nitrites (NO 2- )
16 Burning fossil fuels and forests N to air Fertilizing crops N into soil and water Ranching ammonia into soil and water Sewage can contaminate water
17 An element Key component of living cells Forms molecules: building blocks Carbon Dioxide: Photosynthesis
18 Carbon dioxide CO 2 (in air and water) Living organisms: in their macromolecules (proteins, fats, carbohydrates glucose: C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Dead organisms Really dead stuff (oil, coal, gas) Rocks (diamonds) and dirt
19 Carbon s Roles Ingredient in living tissue Important component of animal skeletons (CaCO 3 ) Important component of the atmosphere (CO 2 ) Carbon enters the atmosphere by: Respiration Geochemical processes Human activities Carbon is taken up by: Photosynthesis Burial and decomposition of dead organisms (formation of fossil fuels)
20 Carbon Dioxide: CO 2 Water Energy Oxygen Sugar: C 6 H 12 O 6
21 Burning CO 2 in atmosphere Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis Higher-level consumers Plants, algae, cyanobacteria Carbon Source Wood & fossil fuels Place where more carbon is released than stored Examples: Decomposition Burning or cutting down forests Volcanic activity Cellular respiration from all organisms Burning fossil fuels Decomposers (soil bacteria & fungi) Wastes; death Detritus Primary consumers Carbon Sink o Place where more carbon is stored than released o Examples: o Rocks & dirt o Growing Plant forests litter; o The ocean death o Oil, coal, & gas deposits
22 CO 2 in atmosphere Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Burning of fossil fuels and wood Photosynthesis Phytoplankton Primary consumers Carbon compounds in water Decomposition
23 An activity that will release carbon from a carbon source. Weathering of limestone (rock) Burning fossil fuels (gasoline) Cellular Respiration Decomposition Volcanoes Forest Fires A nutrient that is scarce or cycles very slowly. Example: When an aquatic ecosystem receives a large amount of a limiting nutrient, such as phosphate, it immediately increases the amount of algae, which is known as an algal bloom.
24 We increase the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere. How? Burning fossil fuels (cars, electricity, heat, etc.) Deforestation
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