Provisional Translation Global Warming

Transcription

1 Document 9 Provisional Translation Global Warming February 27, 218 Agency for Natural Resources and Energy Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

2 Table of Contents The strategies of major countries for 25 p.2 Progress for mid-term CO2 targets in Europe p.9 Transition of electricity market p.11 CO2 emissions of EU and U.S. p.17 demand and supply in Denmark, Germany and UK p.2 1

3 The strategies of major countries for 25

4 The strategies of major countries for 25 United States Reduction Target 8% or more (as percentage of 25) Flexibility Ambitious vision towards reduction target (not intended as current policy proposals) providing an ambitious vision to reduce net GHG emissions by 8 percent or more below 25 levels by 25. Zero Emission Increase Variable renewable energy + Nuclear power Main Strategy, Posture Energy Conservation /Electrification Large-scale electrification (2% 45~6%) Overseas Contribution through expanding market for US products Canada France 8% (as percentage of 25) 75% (as percentage of 199) Informing the conversation (not a blue print for action) not a blue print for action. Rather, the report is meant to inform the conversation about how Canada can achieve a low-carbon economy. Possible path for achieving objectives (not an action plan) the scenario is not an action plan: it rather presents a possible path for achieving our objectives. Securing the electricity Hydro power Variable renewables + Nuclear power Approx. 8% of electricity source already zero emission Securing the electricity Renewable energy + Nuclear power Zero emission rate already at more than 9% Large-scale electrification (2% 4~7%) Looking to contribute internationally (~15%) Contribution through Large-scale energy international conservation development support by (half as percentage of 199) French businesses United Kingdom * 8% or more (as percentage of 199) Helps players identify steps to take in the next few years by exploring potential pathways (long-term predictions are difficult) exploring the plausible potential pathways to 25 helps us to identify low-regrets steps we can take in the next few years common to many versions of the future Increase Variable renewables + Nuclear power Promote energy conservation/elect rification Lead the world through environmental investment Germany 8~95% (as percentage of 199) Point to the direction towards reducing emissions (not a search for masterplan) Conduct regular reviews not a rigid instrument; it points to the direction needed to achieve a greenhouse gas-neutral economy. Increase Variable renewable energy Large-scale energy conservation (half as percentage of 199) Maintaining and bolstering investment sentiment in LDCs * Not yet submitted to UNFCCC as long-term strategy. Created from The Clean Growth Strategy (November 217). 3

5 National Long-term Strategies (United States) Long-term Strategy Summary Reduction Target: 8% or more (as percentage of 25) Status: Ambitious Vision aimed at Reduction Targets Shift to Zero Emission Energy Conservation/ Electrification Renewable Energy Nuclear Thermal Energy conservation Electrification CCUS/ Hydrogen Main Entries Infrastructure and regulatory support necessary such as batteries, systems buildup towards expanding variable renewable energy. Necessary to extend lifespan of existing plants and invest in light water reactors and next-generation nuclear power. Map out future without thermal power depending on CCS technology development. Enhance efficiency of energy system as a whole Smart grids, raising fuel efficiency, making industrial processes more efficient, etc. Greater electrification of autos, household heat demand, industrial steam, etc. Hydrogen may play important role in areas where electrification is difficult. (FCV, aircraft, industrial cogeneration) Quantitative Target 13% (VRE 5%) 19% % 21% 55~65% (VRE 45~59%) 17~26% ~25% (CCS thermal power) (CCS Thermal power ) 24~3% (as percentage of 25) 45~6% No Quantitative Target Over seas Overseas Contributions Contribute to global emissions reduction by expanding market for US goods and services. No Quantitative Target VRE: Variable Renewable Energy 4

6 National Long-term Strategies (Canada) Long-term Strategy Summary Reduction Target : 8% and more (as percentage of 25) Status: Informing the Conversation Main Entries Quantitative Target Shift to Zero Emission Energy Conservation/ Electrification Renewable Energy Nuclear Thermal Energy conservation Electrification CCUS/ Hydrogen Expand use of wind power, photovoltaics and hydro power. 25 USD investment expected in 1 plants over the next 15 years. Thermal power equipped with CCS may exist depending on scenario. Improving energy efficiency and demand management are the main elements of long-term emissions reduction strategy. Electrification of Automobiles, buildings, heat systems, industry, etc. is essential to reducing emissions. Room for reduction in major emitting industries (gas and petroleum, iron and steel, paper manufacturing, chemicals, etc.) with CCS Potential for using hydrogen in heavy industries, shipping, etc. 63% 15% % 22% 5~35% (from 214 level) 5~8% (Hydro 57%) (Hydro 3~7%) (CCS Thermal ) % 5~5% ~1% (CCS Thermal ) 4~72% ~32% Over seas Overseas Contributions Encouraging international cooperation contributes to efficient global cost reduction. Include cross-border reduction in international contribution. % ~15% 5

7 National Long-term Strategies (France) Long-term Strategy Summary Reduction Target : 75% (as percentage of 199) Status: Possible Path for achieving Objectives Shift to Zero Emission Renewable Energy Nuclear Thermal Main Entries Further flexibility necessary to integrate renewable energy (utilizing hydropower for peak demand, energy storage, international grids) Reduce weight in electricity composition to 5% by 225. (Energy Conversion Act) French government announced in 7/11/217 that the target year will be postponed to 23 ~ 235. Shift to zero emission CCS essential in complete shift to zero emission scenario. Quantitative Target 16% (VRE 5%) 78% % (CCS Thermal ) Year 23 4% (Details unknown) Year 225 5% No Quantitative Target (CCS Thermal ) Energy Conservation/ Electrification Over seas Energy conservation Electrification CCUS/ Hydrogen Overseas Contributions Large-scale energy conservation in industry, construction and transport sectors. Electrification important to promoting energy conservation Timeframe for developing EV infrastructure, etc. important Restrain carbon intensity of products through CCS in industrial processes in iron and steel, cement, etc. Promote carbon intensity reduction through support for international development by French businesses (utilize export credit insurance, etc.) 25% 5% (as percentage of 199) Year 225 Approx. 4% No Quantitative Target No Quantitative Target VRE: Variable Renewable Energy 6

8 National Long-term Strategies (United Kingdom) Shift to Zero Emission Energy Conservation/ Electrification Over seas Long-term Strategy Summary Renewable Energy Nuclear Thermal Energy conservation Electrification CCUS/ Hydrogen Overseas Contributions Reduction Target : 8% or more (as percentage of 199) Status: Help identifying steps for the next few years by exploring potential pathways* * Content aimed at achieving UK s Fifth Carbon Budget ( ). Some entries up to 25. Main Entries Support more renewable energy market entries such as offshore wind Develop electricity storage, DR and new grid stabilization methods. Reduce cost, maintain stability (support new construction) Support innovation towards developing next-generation nuclear power, etc. Decommission coal-fired power plants without CCS by 225. Achieve 2% energy conservation in the office and industrial sectors by 23, raise energy efficiency in all households to specific levels. Electrify energy intensive industries, utilize heat pumps in household Promote adoption of EVs Lead the world in CCUS technology development (invest 1 million GBP) Hydrogen to be used in FCVs, industrial processes, and heat supply to households and offices Lead the world in environmental investment (establish task force to encourage public and private investment, 2 million GBP investment in immature technologies, etc.) UK actions to date are expected to save almost 5 million tons of CO2, while they do not count these results against the domestic budgets Quantitative Target 25% (VRE 14%) 21% % 21% Year 23 44% (Details unknown) Year 23 28% No quantitative target (CCS Thermal ) (CCS Thermal ) Year 23 1% (as percentage of 28) Year 23 23% No Quantitative Target No Quantitative Target VRE: Variable Renewable Energy 7

9 National Long-term Strategies (Germany) Long-term Strategy Summary Reduction Target : 8~95% (as percentage of 199) Status: Point to the Direction towards reducing Emissions Shift to Zero Emission Renewable Energy Nuclear Thermal Main Entries Fully promote renewable energy in areas where it is usable (mainly wind power). Optimize variable renewable energy by sector-coupling. No entry. New construction of coal-fire power plants will not be Quantitative Target 29% (VRE 18%) 14% % 8% (Details unknown) % No Quantitative Target supported. (CCS Thermal ) (CCS Thermal ) Energy Conservation/ Electrification Energy conservation Electrification CCUS/ Hydrogen Energy conservation first. (promote energy conservation in all sectors) Increase electricity demand through electrification of automobiles and heat use in buildings. Consider CCU and CCS--in that order--when carbon reduction through new technology is difficult in the industrial sector. Hydrogen has potential for FCVs and as alternative fuel source. 2% 5% (as percentage of 25) Approximately 3% No Quantitative Target Over seas Overseas Contributions Contribute through partnerships for climate action plan. (maintain and strengthen investment sentiment in LDCs and contribute to their fundraising) No Quantitative Target VRE: Variable Renewable Energy 8

10 Progress for mid-term CO2 targets in Europe

11 Progress for mid-term CO2 targets in Europe CO 2 emissions trend and medium-term goal Past 3-year assessment Main factors Reduction pace Low-carbon power Electrification Final demand Electrification needs to be implemented together with low-carbon electricity Main background and comments Germany 1 5 [1mn tons] Others Electricity.7%/year % vs %/year % vs %/year Medium-term target pace 3.6%/year [kgco2/kwh] ( 8%) 2.5% 2.1% (.4%p) [ 1 18 J ] (+.5%) Growing use of renewable energy, though relying on coal thermal power due to nuclear cutbacks (RE: 23% 29% Nuclear: 16% 14% Coal:46% 44%) Agreed to withdraw the 22 reduction target (press report) (Between CDU/CSU and SPD) France UK [1mn tons] [1mn tons] Others Electricity Others 2.9 Electricity UK medium-term goals reflect 3rd and 5th carbon budget values 5.5%/year 2.5%/year % vs %/year 2.2%/year % vs % vs %/year Medium-term target pace 3.3%/year 2.5%/year Medium-term target pace 2.2%/year [kgco2/kwh] ( 29%).7.5 [kgco2/kwh] ( 29%) 21.2% 2.8% (.4%p) 24.3% 24.7% (+.4%p) [ 1 18 J ] ( 3.%) [ 1 18 J ] ( 3.8%) Low-carbon electricity Reduction rate ahead of the target pace (RE: 11% 25% Nuclear: 2% 21% Coal:4% 23%) Though likely to be higher emissions than budgets in 4 th and 5 th carbon budgets with current policy proposal (Prof. Jim Skea; 3 rd Session) Emission from power sector is currently very low Government postponed a reduction target of nuclear share (RE: 15% 16% Nuclear: 76% 78% Fossil:9% 7%) Needs to lower emissions from other sources to reach the target (further promotion of electrification, etc.) Japan [1mn tons] Others Electricity %/year %/year % vs %/year Medium-term target pace 1.4%/year [kgco2/kwh] ( 5%) demand-end value 24.2% 25.2% (+1.%p) [ 1 18 J ] ( 4.%) (Source)IEA Energy Balances, CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion; Comprehensive Energy Statistics etc. Emission reduction through increase of zero-emission power ratio and decrease of final demand (RE: 1% 14% Nuclear: 2% 1% Fossil:88% 85%) Important to pursue both supply-side (low carbon energy) and demand-side (energy saving) countermeasure in a good balance 1

12 Transition of electricity market ( )

13 Transition of Germany s CO2 emissions from power generation Generation Renewable Nuclear Thermal CO2 Emissions ( generation) (coal 32, gas 4, oil 1) (coal 27, gas 9, oil 2) (coal 28, gas 6, oil 2) 34 *Numbers are rounded. Totals may not match due to rounding errors. -4 Thermal generated volume change:+ Thermal breakdown change: Thermal generated volume change:-2 Thermal breakdown change: (.64 kgco2/kwh) (.48 kgco2/kwh) (.45 kgco2/kwh) Source: Produced from IEA Energy Balances, CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion 12

14 Transition of the UK s CO2 emissions from power generation Generation Renewable Nuclear Thermal CO2 Emissions ( generation) (coal 2, gas 1, oil 3) (coal 11, gas 18, oil 1) (coal 8, gas 1, oil 1) 22 *Numbers are rounded. Totals may not match due to rounding errors. -5 Thermal generated volume change:+4 Thermal breakdown change: Thermal generated volume change:-6 Thermal breakdown change: (.69 kgco2/kwh) (.45 kgco2/kwh) (.35 kgco2/kwh) Source: Produced from IEA Energy Balances, CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion 13

15 Transition of the EU s CO2 emissions from power generation Generation ,6 +8 3, ,2 Renewable Nuclear Thermal CO2 Emissions ( generation) 79 1,5 Thermal generated volume change:+23 Thermal breakdown change: ,7 86 1,4 (coal 11, gas 2, oil 2) (coal 9, gas 8, oil 1) (coal 8, gas 5, oil 1) 1,29 *Numbers are rounded. Totals may not match due to rounding errors , Thermal generated volume change:-22 Thermal breakdown change: +6 1,1 (.5 kgco2/kwh) (.35 kgco2/kwh) (.32 kgco2/kwh) Source: Produced from IEA Energy Balances, CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion 14

16 Transition of the China s CO2 emissions from power generation Generation , ,8 Renewable ,4 Nuclear Thermal CO2 Emissions ( generation) 49 *Numbers are rounded. Totals may not match due to rounding errors ,3 17 4,3 ( coal 4, gas, oil 1 ) ( coal 32, gas 1, oil ) ( coal 41, gas 1, oil ) , ,84 (.85 kgco2/kwh) (.76 kgco2/kwh) (.66 kgco2/kwh) Thermal generated volume change:+32 Thermal breakdown change: Thermal generated volume change:+89 Thermal breakdown change: -23 Source: Produced from IEA Energy Balances, CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion 15

17 Transition of the Japan s CO2 emissions from power generation Generation ,1-1 1,1 Renewable Nuclear Thermal CO2 Emissions ( generation) ( coal 1, gas 2, oil 3 ) ( coal 3, gas 3, oil 1) ( coal 3, gas 4, oil 1 ) 35 * Numbers are rounded. Totals may not match due to rounding errors. * Definition of kgco2/kwh in METI and IEA may be different (.46 kgco2/kwh) (.42 kgco2/kwh) (.52 kgco2/kwh) Thermal generated volume change:+9 Thermal breakdown change: -1 Thermal generated volume change:+9 Thermal breakdown change: -2 Source: METI statistics, IEA Energy Balances etc. 16

18 CO2 emissions of EU and U.S. (215)

19 Emission coefficient and the electrical power generation mix of each country CO2 Emission per kwh and Composition of Electricity Sources for Major EU Members and Japan (215) Sweden France Denmark Spain EU Average Germany Japan 11gCO2/kWh 46gCO2/kWh 174gCO2/kWh 293gCO2/kWh 315gCO2/kWh 45gCO2/kWh 54gCO2/kWh Stable Zero Emission 88% Stable RE: 53% Nuclear:35% 88% Stable RE: 11% Nuclear:78% 15% Stable RE: 15% Nuclear:% 33% Stable RE: 12% Nuclear:21% 43% Stable RE: 16% Nuclear:27% 25% Stable RE: 11% Nuclear:14% 12% Stable RE: 11% Nuclear:1% Variable Renewable Energy 1% 5% 51% 23% 13% 18% 4% PV:% Wind:1% PV:1% Wind:4% PV:2% Wind:49% PV:3% Wind:18% PV:3% Wind:1% PV:6% Wind:12% PV:3% Wind:1% Thermal 2% 7% 34% 44% 44% 56% 85% Coal:1% Gas:% Oil:1% Coal:2% Gas:4% Oil:1% Coal:25% Gas:6% Oil:4% Cola:19% Gas:19% Oil:7% Coal:26% Gas:15% Oil:3% Coal:44% Gas:1% Oil:2% Coal:34% Gas:41% Oil:1% EU28 Source: IEA CO2 emissions from fuel combustion 217, Comprehensive Energy Statistics 18

20 Emission coefficient and the electrical power generation mix of US states CO2 Emission per kwh and Composition of Electricity Sources for Major US states (215) Washington New Hampshire New York Illinois US average Texas 16gCO2/kWh 183gCO2/kWh 235gCO2/kWh 435gCO2/kWh 498gCO2/kWh 541gCO2/kWh Stable Zero Emission 76% Stabel RE: 69% Nuclear:7% 62% Stable RE: 14% Nuclear:47% 52% Stable RE: 2% Nuclear:32% 5% Stable RE: % Nuclear:5% 27% Stable RE: 8% Nuclear:19% 9% Stable RE: 1% Nuclear:9% Variable Renewable Energy 6% 2% 3% 6% 5% 1% PV:% Wind:6% PV:% Wind:2% PV:% Wind:3% PV:% Wind:6% PV:1% Wind:4% PV:% Wind:1% Thermal 17% 36% 45% 44% 67% 81% Coal:5% Gas:12% Oil:% Coal:5% Gas:3% Oil:1% Coal:2% Gas:41% Oil:2% Coal:38% Gas:6% Oil:% Coal:34% Gas:32% Oil:1% Coal:28% Gas:53% Oil:% Source: EIA Statistics 19

21 demand and supply in Denmark, Germany and UK

22 demand and supply in Germany (217/4/29~4/3) Electricity balance in 217/4/29~4/3 in Germany Flexibility (kw) and power generation (kwh) for the 2 days [] Demand Cross section 1 (Flexibility up ) Natural gas Oil etc Pumped storage Import Coal Nuclear Biomass etc Hydro Export Wind Cross section 2 (Flexibility down ) PV Cross section 2 (Flexibility down ) : 6: 12: 18: : 6: 12: 18: : /29 4/3 Flexibility (kw) Generation (kwh) Cross section 1 Flexibility up Cross section 2 Flexibility down Cross section (total) With Ex/Import (actual case) Without Ex/Import* Difference Fossil Pumped Ex/Import 5 (45%) 13 (45%) 18 (45%) *Totals might not match due to rounding 2 (18%) 4 6 (14%) (15%) 4 (36%) 12 (41%) 16 (4%) Renewable Fossil Nuclear 1,2 h 9 h 3 h ( 25%) 92 h 86 h 6 h ( 7%) 3 h 3 h ± h (±%) Total 1 (1%) 29 (1%) 4 (1%) Total 2,5 h 2,1 h 4 h ( 15%) Preliminary calculation assuming fossil power increases as alternative energy of import, fossil decreases for 4/29 and renewables are curtailed for 4/3 instead of exporting power Source: ENTSO-E Transparency Platform 21

23 demand and supply in Denmark (217/5/11~5/13) Electricity balance in 217/5/11~5/13 in Denmark Flexibility (kw) and power generation (kwh) for the 3 days [] Cross section 1 (Flexibility up ) Import Natural gas Biomass etc Cross section 2 (Flexibility down ) -4 : 12: : 12: : 12: : 5/11 Coal PV Wind Oil etc Export 5/12 5/13 Demand Import Flexibility (kw) Generation (kwh) Cross section 1 Flexibility up Cross section 2 Flexibility down Cross section (total) 1. (4%) (%) 1. (2%) *Totals might not match due to rounding With Ex/Import (actual case) Without Ex/Import* Difference Fossil Pumped Ex/Import Total 12 h 7 h 5 h ( 39%) (%) (%) (%) 13 h 16 h +3 h (+27%) 1.5 (6%) 2.8 (1%) 4.3 (8%) h h ± h (±%) 2.4 (1%) 2.8 (1%) 5.3 (1%) Renewable Fossil Nuclear Total 25 h 24 h 1 h ( 5%) Preliminary calculation assuming fossil power increases as alternative energy of import, renewables are curtailed instead of exporting power. Source: ENTSO-E Transparency Platform 22

24 demand and supply in United Kingdom (217/3/18~3/19) [] Electricity balance in 217/3/18~3/19 in UK Cross section 1 (Flexibility up ) Import Oil etc Natural gas Pumped storage Demand Import PV Wind Flexibility (kw) and power generation (kwh) for the 2 days Flexibility (kw) Cross section 1 Flexibility up Cross section 2 Flexibility down Cross section (total) 8.5 (54%) 5.8 (64%) 14.2 (58%) *Totals might not match due to rounding Fossil Pumped Ex/Import Total 1.9 (12%) (%) 1.9 (8%) 5.3 (34%) 3.2 (36%) 8.5 (35%) 15.6 (1%) 9. (1%) 24.6 (1%) Renewable Fossil Nuclear Total Coal Nuclear Hydro Export -1 : 6: 12: 18: : 6: 12: 18: : National Grid area 3/18 3/19 Cross section 2 (Flexibility down ) Generation (kwh) With Ex/Import (actual case) Without Ex/Import* Difference 43 h 41 h 2 h ( 4%) 6 h 81 h +21 h (+34%) 34 h 34 h ± h (±%) 1,37 h 1,56 h +19 h (+14%) Preliminary calculation assuming fossil power increases as alternative energy of import, renewables are curtailed instead of exporting power. Source: ENTSO-E Transparency Platform 23

25 V-RE ratio and power import/export in Denmark, Germany and UK Denmark Germany UK Japan demand (annual generation) ,1 Ratio of variable renewables 51% ( PV2% Wind49% ) 18% ( PV6% Wind12% ) 14% ( PV2% Wind12% ) 6% ( PV5% Wind1% ) Export/Import International grid Interconnection level* <kw Dependence of flexibility on abroad Ex/Import on the day with high V-RE ratio <kwh Annual export/ import Export Import 8% 4% 35% No 4.3 Export: 2.8 Import: % 16 Export: 12 Import: 4 13% ( 1 ) ( 85 ) 55% 5% ( 16 ) ( 34 ) * Ratio of international grid capacity and installed power production capacity 44% 1% 6% < 8.5 Export: 3.2 Import: 5.3 1% ( 2 ) 8% ( 24 ) Not connected Export/ Import No Export/ Import Source: ENTSO-E Transparency Platform, Statistical Factsheet etc 24

26 V-RE ratio and power import/export in Denmark, Germany and UK Denmark Germany UK Japan demand (annual generation) Ratio of variable renewables 3 51% ( PV2% Wind49% ) 6 3 2Increase the rate of renewable energy 18% ( PV6% Wind12% ) 14% ( PV2% Wind12% ) 1,1 6% ( PV5% Wind1% ) Export/Import International grid Interconnection level* <kw Dependence of flexibility on abroad Ex/Import on the day with high V-RE ratio <kwh Annual export/ import Export Import 8% 4% 35% No 4.3 Export: 2.8 Import: % 16 Export: 12 Import: 4 13% ( 1 ) ( 85 ) 55% * Ratio of international grid capacity and installed power production capacity 44% 1% 6% 1Expand system capacity 5% ( 16 ) ( 34 ) < 8.5 Export: 3.2 Import: 5.3 1% ( 2 ) 8% ( 24 ) Not connected Export/ Import No Export/ Import Source: ENTSO-E Transparency Platform, Statistical Factsheet etc 25

27 (Reference) Transition of Electricity mix, CO2, Price in EU countries Group1: Continental, High V-RE ratio Germany Spain Denmark Fossil 61% ( Coal 44, Gas14 ) 56% ( Coal 44, Gas 1 ) 46% ( Coal 9, Gas 32 ) 44% ( Coal 19, Gas 19 ) 68% ( Coal 44, Gas 2 ) 34% ( Coal 25, Gas 6 ) Mix Stable zero emission 31% ( Nuclear 22, Hydro 3 ) 25% 36% 33% ( Nuclear 14, Hydro 3 ) ( Nuclear 21, Hydro 14 ) ( Nuclear 21, Hydro 1 ) 12% ( Nuclear, Hydro ) All biomass 15% ( Nuclear, Hydro ) All biomass Variable zero emission 8% ( PV 2, Wind 6 ) 18% ( PV 6, Wind 12 ) 17% ( PV 2, Wind 15 ) 23% ( PV 3, Wind18 ) 2% ( PV, Wind 2 ) 51% ( PV 2, Wind 49 ) CO2 emission [kgco2/kwh].48kg.45kg.24kg.29kg.36kg.17kg Price for household [Yen/kWh] 32yen 4yen 24yen 26yen 36yen 41yen Commnets <Points V-RE: Increase Nuclear: Decrease Coal: Remain <Points V-RE: Increase Nuclear: Remain Hydro: Decrease Coal: Increase <Points V-RE: Increase Stable Zero Emission: Remain Fossil (Coal): Decrease CO2 emission: Remain Price: Increase CO2 emission: Increase Price: Increase CO2 emission: Decrease Price: Increase *Rough calculation assuming EUR 1 = JPY 135 Source: IEA Energy Balances, CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion, Energy Prices & Taxes etc. 26

28 (Reference) Transition of Electricity mix, CO2, Price in EU countries Group2: Island, Both RE & Nuclear Group3: High stable zero emission ratio United Kingdom France Sweden Fossil 77% ( Coal 29, Gas 46 ) 54% ( Coal 23, Gas 3 ) 1% ( Coal 5, Gas 4 ) 7% ( Coal 2, Gas 4 ) 6% ( Coal 2, Gas 2 ) 2% ( Coal 1, Gas ) Mix Stable zero emission 21% ( Nuclear 16, Hydro 1 ) 32% 88% 88% 92% 88% ( Nuclear 21, Hydro 2 ) ( Nuclear 76, Hydro 11 ) ( Nuclear 78, Hydro 1 )( Nuclear 39, Hydro 45 ) ( Nuclear 35, Hydro 47 ) Variable zero emission 3% ( PV, Wind 3 ) 14% ( PV 2, Wind 12 ) 2% ( PV, Wind 2 ) 5% ( PV 1, Wind 4 ) 2% ( PV, Wind 2 ) 1% ( PV, Wind 1 ) CO2 emission [kgco2/kwh].45kg.35kg.8kg.5kg.3kg.1kg Price for household [Yen/kWh] 18yen 23yen 17yen 22yen 22yen 2yen Commnets <Points V-RE: Increase Nuclear: Increase Hydro: Increase Coal(Fossile): Decrease <Points V-RE: Increase Stable zero emission: Remain Coal: Slightly decrease <Points V-RE: Increase Stable zero emission: Remain Fossil: Slightly decrease CO2 emission: Decrease Price: Increase CO2 emission: Decrease Price: Increase CO2 emission: Decrease Price: Decrease *Rough calculation assuming EUR 1 = JPY 135, GBP 1 = JPY 15 Source: IEA Energy Balances, CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion, Energy Prices & Taxes etc. 27

29 (Reference) Transition of CO2 emission and Electricity Price in EU countries 45 Electricity price for household [Yen/kWh] Spain (21 215) Denmark (21 215) Germany (21 215) United Kingdom (21 215) CO2 emission [kgco2/kwh] 28