Vehicle Manufacturers in the Race for Environmental Success

Transcription

1 Research Report ABOUT Automotive AUTOMOTIVE Vehicle Manufacturers in the Race for Environmental Success 2008/09 Automotive industry green audit by Susan Brown

2 Contents ABOUT Publishing Limited 2008 Contents xi The author 1 Chapter 1: Introduction 3 Chapter 2: The problem 3 2.1: Climate change 6 2.2: Peak oil 6 - what is peak oil? 6 - peak oil deniers 6 - not on the agenda of the financial world 7 - peak oil believers 8 2.3: Peak oil and climate change together 9 Chapter 3: The pressure for a solution 9 - Best corporate practice 10 - Automotive industry opportunities 10 - Technology solutions 11 - Growing pressure to act 12 Chapter 4: The competitive issue : Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) 15 - What do other people think? CSR Ratings 16 - FTSE4Good 16 - Accountability Rating 17 - Sustainable Asset Management (SAM) 18 - Oekom Research 18 - Vigeo 18 - PSI Sector reports : Greenhouse gas (GHG) targets : Product 24 - Sales mix : Future product technologies 27 - Alternative fuels : Lifecycle analysis 30 - What percentage of greenhouse gas emissions come from manufacturing? 31 - Vehicle disposal : Manufacturers and buildings 33 - Natural gas 33 - CHP 34 - Heat recovery 34 - Biomass 34 - Wind 34 - Solar 35 - Geothermal 35 - Other 36 - Green buildings 37 - Waste management i

3 ABOUT Publishing Limited 2008 Contents : Logistics : Supply chain : Distribution/dealerships : Customer interface 42 - Brands 43 - Advertising 43 - The future 45 Chapter 5: The Ranking 45 - Overall 46 - Toyota ranks top 47 - Honda scores well, but lacks transparency 47 - BMW, GM and Volkswagen rank middle of the table 48 - Renault 9 th, ahead of Daimler 48 - Hyundai and Fiat are bottom of the pile 48 - CSR/Climate change strategy 50 - GHG targets 50 - Product 51 - Business areas 52 Chapter 6: Vehicle manufacturer profiles, SWOT analyses and green audits : Toyota Motor Company : Summary and recent developments : CSR/climate change strategies 53 - Climate change strategy 54 - Recycling-oriented society 54 - Greenhouse gas targets 55 - Management structures and reporting on environmental issues 55 - CSR/sustainability activities and indices : Product : Future technology strategies 57 - Conventional engines 58 - Biofuels 58 - Hybrids 58 - Plug-in hybrids 58 - Fuel cells : Closing the loop lifecycle analysis 60 - Recycling 61 - Use of recycled/renewable materials : Manufacturing 61 - Energy efficiency 62 - Use of renewable energy 62 - Environmental management systems 62 - Zero landfill 62 - Green buildings : Logistics : Supply chain : Distribution/dealerships : Consumer influence : Ford Motor Company : Summary and recent developments : CSR/climate change strategies 66 - Strategy 66 - Blueprint for sustainability ii

4 Contents ABOUT Publishing Limited Climate change task force 67 - Management structures and reporting on climate change 68 - Greenhouse gas emissions 69 - Greenhouse gas targets 69 - CSR activities/engagement with outside agencies : Product : Future technology strategies 71 - Conventional engine technologies 71 - Transmissions 72 - Weight reduction 72 - Biofuels 72 - Hybrids 73 - Plug-in hybrids 73 - Hydrogen : Closing the loop lifecycle analysis 74 - Recycling 74 - Using recycled materials 74 - Energy use : Manufacturing 75 - Renewable energy 75 - Fumes-to-fuel 76 - Geothermal energy 77 - Waste management 77 - Environmental management : Logistics : Supply chain : Distribution/dealerships : Customer interface 79 - Eco-driving 79 - Carbon offsetting 79 - Branding : PSA Peugeot Citroën : Summary and recent developments : CSR/climate change strategies 81 - PSA downplays the contribution of cars to climate change 82 - Carbon neutral manufacturing? 82 - Greenhouse gas targets 83 - Low CO2 car targets not very aggressive 83 - Management structures and reporting on climate change 84 - CSR/sustainability activities and indices 84 - Partnerships : Product 84 - Segmentation/sales figures : Future technology strategies 86 - Diesels 86 - Gasoline 86 - Automated gearboxes 86 - CNG 86 - Biofuels 86 - Hybrids 87 - Fuel cells : Closing the loop lifecycle analysis : Manufacturing 88 - Energy efficiency 88 - Energy descent target 88 - Heat recovery 88 - Energy costs iii

5 ABOUT Publishing Limited 2008 Contents : Logistics : Suppliers : Consumer influence 90 - Branding 90 - Image/awards : Honda : Summary and recent developments : CSR/climate change strategies 92 - Management structures and reporting on climate change 93 - Greenhouse gas targets 93 - Products : Future technology strategies 94 - Gasoline engines 94 - Diesel engines 94 - Transmissions 95 - Hybrids 95 - Electric 95 - Natural gas 95 - Biofuels 96 - Fuel cells 96 - Solar power : Closing the loop lifecycle analysis 97 - Recycling 97 - Using recycled materials : Manufacturing 98 - Energy use 99 - Waste management : Logistics : Supply chain : Distribution/dealerships : Customer influence Car sharing Eco-driving Awards : Nissan : Summary and recent developments : CSR/climate change strategies Ghosn welcomes greening of consumer demand Management structure and reporting on climate change CO2 emissions targets Product Future technology strategies Diesels Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) Natural gas Hybrids Biofuels Fuel cells Electric vehicles : Closing the loop lifecycle analysis Eco pedal Recycling : Manufacturing Environmental management Energy use Waste management iv

6 Contents ABOUT Publishing Limited : Logistics Modal shift : Supply chain : Distribution/dealerships : BMW : Summary and recent developments : CSR/climate change strategies Management structures and reporting on climate change Strategy CO2 targets CSR/sustainability rating indices Commitments/partnerships Negative press : Products : Future technology strategies Efficient dynamics Dieselisation Hybrids Electric Thermo-electric generation Hydrogen : Closing the loop lifecycle analysis Use of raw materials Recycling : Manufacturing Energy use Renewable energy use : Logistics : Supply chain : Distribution/dealerships : Customer interface Eco-driving Awards Brands : GM : Summary and recent developments : CSR/climate change strategies Strategy Climate strategy Management structures and reporting on climate change Reporting Greenhouse gas emissions reduction CSR/sustainability indices and partnerships : Products : Future technology strategies Conventional engines Diesels Thermo-electrics CNG and LPG Biofuels Second generation biofuels Hybrids Electric/plug-in hybrids New engineering organisation Fuel cells v

7 ABOUT Publishing Limited 2008 Contents : Closing the loop lifecycle analysis Recycling Using recycled materials : Manufacturing Energy efficiency Energy efficient buildings Renewable energy use Waste management Green buildings : Logistics : Supply chain : Consumer influence : VW : Summary and recent developments : CSR/climate change strategies Lack of environment-related reporting Lack of reporting due to lack of good news Greenhouse gas reduction goals High level commitments CSR/sustainable activities and indices Other activities : Products : Future technology strategies Hybrids Biofuels Electric Fuel cells : Closing the loop lifecycle analysis End-of-life vehicle recycling Material use : Manufacturing Energy sources Seat invests in solar Energy use : Logistics : Supply chain : Consumer influence Eco-driving Eco-brands Offset programme Consumer awards : Renault : Summary and recent developments : CSR/climate change strategies Strategy Management structures and reporting on climate change CSR/sustainability rating indices Commitments/partnerships : Products : Future technologies Optimising conventional engines CNG Biofuels Hybrids Electric vehicles vi

8 Contents ABOUT Publishing Limited Fuel cells : Closing the loop lifecycle analysis End-of-life recycling Using recycled materials : Manufacturing Energy use Cogeneration Waste management Water treatment : Logistics : Supply chain : Distribution/dealerships : Consumer influence : Daimler : Summary and recent developments : CSR/climate change strategies Management structures and reporting on climate change Strategy Future goals CSR/sustainability rating indices Partnerships/commitments : Products : Future technology strategies IC engines with gasoline and diesel Natural gas Biofuels Hybrids Fuel cells : Closing the loop lifecycle analysis Using recycled materials Recycling : Manufacturing Energy use and efficiency Employee training : Logistics : Supply chain : Distribution/dealerships : Customer interface Eco-driving Brands : Hyundai-Kia : Summary and recent developments : CSR/climate change strategies Management structures Reporting on climate change CSR Products : Product: future technology strategies Conventional engines Natural gas Biofuels Hybrid vehicles Fuel cells : Closing the loop lifecycle analysis : Manufacturing vii

9 ABOUT Publishing Limited 2008 Contents : Supply chain : Fiat : Summary and recent developments : CSR/climate change strategies Management structures and reporting on climate change CSR ratings : Products : Future technology strategies Gasoline and diesel engines Natural gas Biofuels Hybrids Fuel cells and hydrogen : Closing the loop lifecycle analysis : Manufacturing Environmental management Energy efficiency Waste management : Supply chain : Customer interface Public transport EcoDrive Bibliography List of figures: Figure 1: Greenhouse gas emissions in 2000, by source Figure 2: CO2 emission sources in the EU-15 nations (2004) Figure 3: Annual greenhouse gas emissions by sector (2000) Figure 4: Company PSI rankings Figure 5: Toyota: Toward the ultimate eco-car Figure 6: Toyota: New engine technologies Figure 7: Toyota: Technologies incorporated into new engine series Figure 8: Toyota: Well-to-wheel CO2 output Figure 9: Overall (well-to-wheel) efficiency of the Toyota FCHV Figure 10: Estimate of Ford s climate change emissions Figure 11: PSA s European sales mix by segment, 2006 Figure 12: Relationship between fuel consumption and cost of vehicle technologies Figure 13: Consumption of energy during manufacture of PSA vehicles Figure 14: Honda: Organization for worldwide environmental activities Figure 15: Nissan s long-term goal for reducing CO2 Figure 16: Nissan s roadmap for reducing the CO2 from its vehicles Figure 17: Nissan s global environment management organization Figure 18: Major steps taken by Nissan to improve vehicle fuel economy Figure 19: Nissan s overview of recycling performance (Apr 2006 Mar 2007) Figure 20: Nissan s waste disposal (directly to landfill) Figure 21: Nissan s in-house incineration volume Figure 22: Nissan s CO2 emissions from logistics (1,000t CO2) Figure 23: BMW s CO2 emissions per unit produced Figure 24: BMW s European sales mix by segment, 2006 Figure 25: The BMW EfficientDynamics measures an overview Figure 26: Roadmap of the BMW Group for sustainable mobility Figure 27: BMW s waste per unit produced Figure 28: GM s Advanced Propulsion Technology Strategy Figure 29: GMNA Renewable Energy Portfolio Figure 30: VW s European sales mix by segment, 2006 Figure 31: Renault s European sales mix by segment, 2006 viii

10 Contents ABOUT Publishing Limited 2008 Figure 32: Renault s recycled plastics, by model Figure 33: Changes in the weight of packaging per vehicle ( ) Figure 34: Drive technologies from Daimler Figure 35: The DaimlerChrysler fuel road map Figure 36: Material composition of the Mercedes-Benz C-Class Figure 37: Hyundai s environmental management strategy Figure 38: Fiat s European sales mix by segment, 2006 List of tables: Table 1: Comparison of environmental/sustainability reports and responses to Carbon Disclosure Project Table 2: Management structures: Board level representation? Table 3: Vehicle manufacturer attitudes in a nutshell Table 4: CSR/Sustainability Rankings Table 5: Vehicle manufacturer greenhouse gas emissions (CO2 eq) 2005 and 2006, actual and per vehicle Table 6: Sales-weighted average CO2 emissions (g/km) Table 7: Western Europe: Top Ten Brands volume-weighted average CO2 emissions, g/km, 2007 Table 8: UK fleet average CO2 by brand, 2007 compared to 2006 Table 9: US: Fleet average CO2 emissions by vehicle manufacturer, MY 2005 Table 10: Vehicle manufacturers downsizing in Europe Table 11: Percent range of MPG improvement estimates per improved automobile technology Table 12: Comparison of vehicle manufacturers activities in the main technology areas Table 13: Vehicle manufacturer life cycle analysis and notable achievements Table 14: How the manufacturers compare on what they say about recycling Table 15: Investing in renewables who s using what Table 16: Which vehicle manufacturers report CO2 emissions from logistics operations? Table 17: Vehicle manufacturers green supplier programmes Table 18: Vehicle manufacturers green dealer programmes Table 19: Vehicle manufacturers green badges Table 20: The Ranking: Vehicle manufacturers in the race for environmental success Table 21: Detailed chart of vehicle manufacturers and their scores Table 22: SWOT of Toyota in the race for environmental success Table 23: 2010 CO2 reduction goals: Toyota Motor Company Table 24: SWOT of Ford in the race for environmental success Table 25: Life cycle CO2 impact for typical vehicles: Ford Motor Company Table 26: SWOT of PSA in the race for environmental success Table 27: PSA greenhouse gas emissions, 1995 and Table 28: PSA CO2 emissions (per vehicle) Table 29: Most fuel efficient diesel/gasoline vehicles on sale in France, 2006 Table 30: SWOT of Honda in the race for environmental success Table 31: Honda s environment statement Table 32: SWOT of Nissan in the race for environmental success Table 33: CO2 emissions of Nissan s major global production sites Table 34: SWOT of BMW in the race for environmental success Table 35: SWOT of GM in the race for environmental success Table 36: GM s Environmental Principles Table 37: Greening of the Supply Chain Project in China Table 38: SWOT of VW in the race for environmental success Table 39: SWOT of Renault in the race for environmental success Table 40: SWOT of Daimler in the race for environmental success Table 41: The environmental protection guidelines of the DaimlerChrysler Group ix

11 ABOUT Publishing Limited 2008 Contents Table 42: SWOT of Hyundai-Kia in the race for environmental success Table 43: Hyundai s global environmental policy Table 44: SWOT of Fiat in the race for environmental success x