Assessment Status and Trend of Short - lived Climate Pollutants (SLCPs) in Hanoi
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1 International Workshop on Air Quality in Asia Inventory, Modeling and Climate Impacts of Greenhouse Gas emissions (GHG s) and Aerosols; Remote sensing applications and Integrated Technologies Assessment Status and Trend of Short - lived Climate Pollutants (SLCPs) in Hanoi Hoang Xuan Co, Hoang Anh Le, Nguyen Phan Dong VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 1
2 Main content SLCPs/SLCFs Sources of BC BC concentrations in Hanoi Sources of BC and other pollutants in Vietnam 2
3 I. SLCPs/SLCFs In brief, SLCPs include: Particulate matters and precursor gases (soot, nitrate, sulfate, ammonium, organic carbon and other compounds such as sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides); Ground - level ozone and its precursors such as nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds; Methane; And hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) 3
4 I. SLCPs/SLCFs 4
5 Direct effect (BC absorption of solar radiation) Menon et al., Science, 2002 Changes in precipitation by modulation of Asian monsoon by high BC in East Asia Jacobson, Nature, 2001 Internal mixing of BC increases heating Global radiative forcing Reduced rain BC Externally mixed BC Internally mixed BC Sulfate Organics Increased rain 0.31 W/m W/m 2 BC emissions (TgC/year) US Japan India China Largest Mass concentration, mixing state, and size distribution of BC need to be understood High priority in the UNEP ABC (Atmospheric Brown Cloud) project 5
6 II. Sources of BC 6
7 BC emissions (Bond et al., 2004) BC sources are incomplete combustion of carbon based fuels Contained combustion Fossil fuel: 38% Biofuel: 20% Open burning 42% Total = 8.0 Tg/year ng/m 2 /s 7
8 Sectoral contributions from contained combustion to BC emissions (Bond et al., 2004) Transport (on road and off road diesels) is the dominant contributor in many regions 8
9 Emission Sources in Asia 9
10 10
11 BC 11
12 III. BC concentrations in Hanoi and TamDao 12
13 PEER-SEA SLCPs Network project RC 1. Assessment of status and trend of SLCPs o Pollutants from national fix automatic AQ monitoring stations, focus on BC 13
14 Average dayly BC concentrations in ground level in Hanoi ( ) 10 OBC conc. ( gm -3 ) Date 14
15 Average monthly BC from 2004 to 2010 is presented in that the BC in wet season (May to September) is lower than in comparison dry season (November to December) 8.00 BC (µg/m 3 ) Average.00 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. 15
16 3.500 BC trend in Hanoi (annualy concentration) BC (µg/m 3 )
17 4.500 Ratio of BC and PM 10 (%) Average Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. 17
18 Relationship between monthly avereged of BC and PM 10 y = 0.026x R² = BC (µg/m 3 ) PM 10 (µg/m 3 ) 18
19 BC data is collected from the AIRPET project ( ) in Hanoi and a mountainous site in TamDao, Vietnam 19
20 07, 08/01/ , 11/01/ , 14/01/ , 18/01/ , 30/10/ , 02/11/ , 05/11/ , 08/11/ , 12/11/ , 15/11/ , 18/11/ , 23/11/ , 26/11/ , 30/11/ , 03/11/ , 06/11/ , 09/12/ /12/ , 16/12/ , 19/12/ , 23/12/ , 26/12/ , 30/12/ , 04/11/ , 07/11/ , 11/11/ , 14/11/ , 17/11/ , 23/11/ , 26/11/ , 29/11/ , 03/12/ , 06/12/ , 09/12/ , 13/12/ , 16/12/ , 19/12/ , 23/12/ , 28/12/ , 31/12/ , 10/01/ , 13/01/ , 16/01/ BC and ratio of BC and PM10 at some areas in Hanoi BC(µg/m3) BC/PM10 (%) Residential Up wind site Mixed site Traffic site 20
21 21
22 IV. Sources of BC and other pollutants in Vietnam Open burning 22
23 Open burning 23
24 Open burning 24
25 Forest fires 25
26 Background Climate change Air Pollution Climate change (CC) and air pollution (AP): attention CC and AP natural and man - made sources biomass burning Crop residue open burning (CROB) Forest fires (FF) Satellite + GIS Vietnam: CROB and FF effects: air quality, climate system and human health Lack a comprehensive emission inventory (EI) for biomass open burning (BOB) Spatial and temporal distribution of emission? Remote sensing and GIS? Development of spatial and temporal EI for BOB in Vietnam is very essential. 26
27 Burned Area Northwestern Central Highlands Mekong River delta 27
28 Spatial distribution of annual emission from BOB More detail in Appendix J 28
29 Recommendations 1. Further research: improve the emission estimation from BOB by using more local data in Vietnam 2. Emission reduction from BOB: Need a better management system with non-burning of crop residues, especially, rice straw burning Need an effective management system to reduce forest fires. 30
30 Thank you, Lets co-operate for better air quality in all the world! 30
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