GLOBAL ESTIMATION OF THE EFFECT OF FERTILIZATION ON NITRATE LEACHING
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1 GLOBAL ESTIMATION OF THE EFFECT OF FERTILIZATION ON NITRATE LEACHING YOSHITO SUGA Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo , Japan SHINJIRO KANAE Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, 335 Takashima-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto , Japan TAIKAN OKI Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo , Japan Some recent studies cited that human activity has changed the global nitrogen cycle. Large amount of reactive nitrogen is loaded into the cycle. In particular, nitrogenous fertilizer application is regarded as the largest source and nitrate nitrogen leaching with soil water movement is considered to be a serious pollution source of water resources. To estimate the magnitude of nitrate-nitrogen leaching from soil layers, we developed a terrestrial nitrogen cycle model and applied it on the global scale. Then the model was applied to the potential land cover where the cropland was replaced by forest and grassland. This is an assumption that there were no cultivation. From the difference of the 2 calculation results, a large impact of agriculture on nitrate-nitrogen leaching was found. The estimated nitrate-nitrogen leaching was introduced into a global river model, and a simulation of nitrate-nitrogen flow in river channels was carried out on the global scale. The estimated nitrate-nitrogen discharge was converted into nitrate-nitrogen concentration using a global river discharge dataset, and it was validated using observed data at 2 sites, the Hermann station in the Mississippi River and the Nong Khai station in the Mekong River. The estimated concentration agreed approximately with the observation. Although the model still needs further improvement, it can be used as a tool of world water resources assessment in terms of quality in the future. INTRODUCTION Nitrogen is one of the major materials which cycle on the global scale. It is an essential need of life, and living matters absorb, utilize and release nitrogen in many ways. Although nitrogen gas of the atmosphere exists abundantly, gaseous nitrogen is unavailable for most creatures and reactive nitrogen compound in the other forms is required. In nature, reactive nitrogen is generated mainly by biological fixation processes of very limited nitrogen-fixing organisms using nitrogen gas of the atmosphere, and the 1
2 nitrogen cycle has limitation of input under natural condition. However, human activity has changed the global nitrogen cycle dramatically (Vitousek et al. [1]). Galloway et al. [2] cited that nitrogen fixation due to human activity is exceeding that under natural condition and reactive nitrogen in terrestrial ecosystem is increasing rapidly. A large part of the reactive nitrogen input by human activity derives from nitrogenous fertilizer application to cropland. World nitrogenous fertilizer production is about 80 Tg N yr -1 while biological fixation under natural condition in the terrestrial part is estimated to be about 140 Tg N yr -1. (Galloway et al., [2]). The alteration of the global nitrogen cycle has been figured out, and then a large impact on the environment is greatly concerned. One of the severe effects is nitratenitrogen load to the water resources. Drinking water containing much nitrate-nitrogen causes health problems such as methemoglobinemia and carcinogenic nitrosamine. In addition, microbes can easily grow in eutrophied water resources. It leads to environmental degradation of rivers and lakes. However, removing nitrate at water purification plant is difficult under current technology. Thus, nitrate-nitrogen is one of the great concerns among current water issues. Since most of nitrate-nitrogen is originated from agricultural non-point source, its modeling requires complicated processes. Thus, quantitative analysis of the nitratenitrogen contaminant and study of its global cycle is still in progress. In this study, we developed a nitrogen cycle model in cropland, forest and grassland ecosystems, and applied it on the global scale to estimate the distribution of nitrate-nitrogen leaching from soil layers. The model was also applied under the condition where all the cropland was replaced by forest and grassland. Then these 2 calculation results were compared to see the effect of cultivation on nitrate leaching. The result of the nitrate-nitrogen leaching estimation was introduced into a global river model and nitrate-nitrogen flow simulation was carried out. By this simulation, we estimated river nitrate-nitrogen discharge and its concentration in river channels on the global scale. The validity of the estimated nitrate-nitrogen concentration was checked using observation data and it approximately agreed. Thus, this study can be a first step of water quality assessment on the global scale since in the studies of the world water resources assessment, only the water quantity has been discussed so far. All the global scale calculations were carried out on the basis of 1 o x 1 o grid scale. NITROGEN CYCLE MODEL Model structure Since nitrate-nitrogen load to water resources mainly occurs through leaching process in soil layers, we developed a nitrogen cycle model and applied it on the global scale to calculate various fluxes of nitrogen cycle in the terrestrial part including nitrate-nitrogen leaching. The model consists of 5 reservoirs (nitrogen in vegetation, nitrogen in soil detritus, nitrogen in soil humus, ammonium-nitrogen and nitrate-nitrogen in soil) and 12 fluxes 2
3 (biological fixation, precipitation, fertilizer application, litter fall, humification of detritus, mineralization of detritus and humus, volatilization of ammonium-nitrogen, nitrification of ammonium-nitrogen, denitrification of nitrate-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen leaching and inorganic nitrogen uptake by plant). Among estimation of various fluxes, that of nitrate-nitrogen leaching from soil layer is the main target of this model. Figure 1 is a schematic chart of the model structure. The model was applied to the land covers of cropland, forest and grassland on the basis of 1 o x 1 o grid. The calculation time step was 3 days. 3 Figure 1. Schematic chart of the nitrogen cycle model. The reservoirs are shown as white boxes and the fluxes are shown as arrows Data In the calculation of the model processes, various climatic and other datasets were required. The datasets we utilized in the model are listed in table 1. Table 1. Datasets used in the nitrogen cycle model Data Source Fertilizer consumption FAO 1) Soil temperature GSWP 2) /JMA-SiB 3) Soil moisture GSWP/JMA Field capacity GSWP/JMA Wilting point GSWP/JMA Precipitation GPCP 4) Soil depth ISLSCP 5) Soil texture ISLSCP Crop calendar Hanasaki(2003), [7] 1) Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations, 2) The Global Soil Wetness Project (Dirmeyer et al., [3]), 3) Japan Meteorological Agency, Simple Biosphere model (Sato et al., [4]), 4) The Global Precipitation Climatology Project (Huffman et al., [5]), 5) The International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (Sellers et al., [6])
4 Result The calculation resulted in 47.3 Tg N nitrate-nitrogen leaching. Table 2 indicates the budget of nitrogen cycle, and figure 2 shows the distribution of estimated annual nitratenitrogen leaching from soil layers. Large values can be found in regions with high agricultural activities and much soil moisture. Table 2. The budget of nitrogen cycle estimated by the model Flux (Tg yr -1 ) Biological Fixation 81 Volatilization 91 Precipitation 44 Nitrification 161 Fertilizer Application 178 Denitrification 107 Litter fall 407 Leaching 47 Humification 169 Uptake 287 Mineralization 407 Harvest 58 4 Figure 2. Global distribution of nitrate-nitrogen leaching from soil layers estimated by the nitrogen cycle mode (t N km -2 yr -1 ) Calculation under condition of potential land cover The model was also applied under the condition where all the cropland had been replaced by the potential land cover of forest and grassland according to its climatic zone. The calculation resulted in 41.1 Tg N yr -1 of nitrate-nitrogen leaching. The difference of nitrate-nitrogen leaching between actual and potential land cover condition was 6.3 Tg N yr -1. This is 14 % of total estimated annual nitrate-nitrogen leaching under actual land
5 cover and 44 % of estimated nitrate-nitrogen leaching from cropland. Thus, a large impact of cultivation on nitrate-nitrogen leaching was found. Figure 3 shows the estimated nitrate-nitrogen leaching under potential land cover condition and figure 4 shows the difference of 2 estimations. 5 Figure 3. The distribution of nitrate-nitrogen leaching from soil layers under the condition of potential land cover (t N km -2 yr -1 ) Figure 4. The difference of the estimated annual nitrate-nitrogen leaching between 2 calculation result under actual and potential land cover conditions (t N km -2 yr -1 ) NITROGEN FLOW SIMULATION The result of nitrate-nitrogen leaching estimation was introduced into a global river model TRIP (Total Runoff Integrating Pathways) developed by Oki and Sud [8] on the basis of 1 o x 1 o grid, and a simulation of nitrate-nitrogen flow was carried out taking into
6 consideration decomposition in the river channel. The annual nitrate-nitrogen discharge as the simulation result is shown in figure 5. 6 Figure 5. The result of nitrate-nitrogen flow simulation using a global river model, TRIP. Estimated annual nitrate-nitrogen discharge (t N yr -1 ) The simulated nitrate-nitrogen discharge was converted into nitrate concentration using a global river discharge data (Oki et al., [9]). The distribution of the estimated nitrate-nitrogen concentration is shown in figure 6. Figure 6. The estimated annual mean nitrogen-nitrate concentration (mg N L -1 ) The estimated concentration was validated by comparing with observation of 2 sites, Hermann station in the Mississippi River and Nong Khai in the Mekong River. The observation data were available from USGS/NASQAN website ( and Lower Mekong Hydrologic Yearbook (Mekong River Commission, [10]). The result is shown in figure 7. The correspondence between the estimation and the observation is reasonable for both sites.
7 7 Figure 7. The result of nitrate-nitrogen flow simulation using a global river model, TRIP. The estimated (full line) and observed (dotted line) concentration of nitrate-nitrogen (t N yr -1 ) are shown and the bar shows the deviation under condition of soil wetness index change within plus minus 5%. The left graph is the Hermann station and the right is the Nong Khai station SUMMARY We developed a nitrogen cycle model, and nitrate-nitrogen leaching from soil layers was estimated by applying the model on the global scale. The model was applied also to the potential land cover where cropland was replaced by potential land cover. Then, a significant impact of agriculture was found from the difference of the calculation result under condition of actual and potential land covers. Next, a simulation of nitrate-nitrogen flow by a global river model was carried out. The estimated global nitrogen discharge was converted into nitrate-nitrogen concentration using a global river discharge data. The correspondence between the estimation and the observed data was reasonable. Although the model may need more improvement including knowledge and information from smaller scale studies, it can be used for assessment of world water resources from the point of view of water quality. REFERENCES [1] Vitousek P.M., Aber J.D., Howarth R.W., Likens G.E., Mtson P.A., Schindler D.W., Schlesinger W.H. and Tilman D.G., Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: sources and consequences, Ecological Applications, Vol. 7, No. 3, (1997), pp [2] Galloway J.N., Schlesinger W.H., Levy II, H, Michaels A. and Schnoor J.L., Nitrogen fixation: Anthropogenic enhancement-environmental response, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 9, No. 2, (1995), pp [3] Dirmeyer P.A., Dolman A.J. and Sato N., The pilot phase of Global Soil Wetness Project, Bulletin of American Meteorological Society, Vol. 80, (1999), pp
8 [4] Sato N., Mabuchi K. and Sellers P.J., Simulation of snow deposition and melting by modified simple biosphere model (SiB), Journal of Meteorological Society of Japan, Vol. 77, (1999), submitted. [5] Huffman, James J., Jones B. and Brown J., The title of the journal paper, Journal Name, Vol. 1, No. 1, (2001), pp [6] Sellers P.J., Meeson B.W., Closs J., Collatz J., Corprew F., Dazlich D., Hall F.G., Kerr Y., Koster R., Los S., Mitchell K., McManus J., Myers D., Sun K.J. and Try P., ISLSCP Initiative I Global data sets for land-atmosphere models, , CD-ROM by NASA, (1995). [7] Hanasaki N., Kanae S., Oki T. and Musiake K., Simulating the discharge of the Chao Phraya River taking into account reservoir operation, Water Resources Systems Hydrological Risk, Management and Development, Vol. 281, (2003), pp [8] Oki T. and Sud Y.C., Design of Total Runoff Integrating Pathways (TRIP) - A global river channel network, Earth Interactions, Vol. 2, (1998), [9] Oki T., Nishimura T. and Dirmeyer P. A., Assessment of annual runoff from land surface models using Total Runoff Integrating Pathways (TRIP), Journal of Meteorological Society of Japan, Vol. 77, No. 1B, (1999), pp [10] Mekong River Commission, Lower Mekong Hydrologic Yearbook, (1998). 8
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