Three Gorges Dam. Renewable Energy

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1 Three Gorges Dam Renewable Energy

2 Renewable Energy Technologies Hydro Biomass Geothermal Wind Solar heating and thermal electric Photovoltaic (PV) Ocean tidal and tidal current Ocean wave Ocean thermal electric Renewable Energy Characteristics Ubiquity of energy sources Low intensity of energy fluxes captured compared with conventional systems Random, intermittent nature of energy fluxes High capital cost per unit of power output compared with conventional sources Figures of Merit for Optimizing Renewable Energy Systems Effectiveness fraction of renewable resource that is collectable by the system Capacity factor long-term average power output/rated power output

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8 Hydropower

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10 P = ρghq P = power Q = discharge ρg = 9806 kg/m 2 s 2 P = 9806hQ

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12 Photosynthesis: nco 2 + mh 2 O C n (H 2 O)m + no 2 Energy = 4.07 ev/c Photosynthetic active photons = 700nm =1.9eV 2+ photons required to produce reaction energy US energy recovery by biomass source

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14 Processes that utilize the energy content of primary biomass Combustion Gasification Pyrolysis Fermentation Anaerobic digestion Environmental impacts Pesticides and herbicides Water use Reduction in arable land Soil erosion Interference with ecosystems

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18 Geothermal Energy

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20 US Geothermal Sources

21 Types of Geothermal Energy Systems

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23 Types of Geothermal Power Plants

24 Current World Geothermal Power Generation To put the above numbers into perspective, recall that Seabrook nuclear plant is a 1000 MW plant and for Massachusetts there was ~1200 MW of coal-fired power plant capacity.

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26 Solar Power Photovoltaic Solar thermal

27 Solar constant 1,365 W/m 2 (NASA estimate)

28 Seasonal variations of diffuse irradiance versus beam irradiance

29 Available solar radiation X-axis = clearness index = amount of total radiation received at surface relative to incoming solar radiation. Y-axis = diffuse radiation relative to daily total radiation which is a measure of cloudiness

30 Available solar radiation as a function of latitude and type of radiation.

31 Flat plate collectors q = βi U(T c T a ) q = net unit heat flux collected in storage system β = fraction of incoming radiation absorbed by collector plate I = incoming solar radiance U = overall heat transfer coefficient T c = temperature collector T a = temperature environment Schematic of a flat plate solar collector. The solar radiation is absorbed by the black plate and transfers heat to the fluid in the tubes. The thermal insulation prevents heat loss during fluid transfer; the screens reduce the heat loss due to convection and radiation to the atmosphere. (T c ) max = T a + βi/u η = q/i = β [U(T c T a )]/I η = collector efficiency Typical values for β (0.8) and U (5 W/m 2 K)

32 Focusing Collectors Types of concentrating sunlight collectors: (a) tubular absorbers with diffuse back reflector, (b) tubular absorbers with specular cusp reflectors, (c) plane receiver with plain reflectors, (d) parabolic concentrator, (e) array reflectors (heliostats) with central receiver. Concentration of light on the receiver is achieved by shaping the reflectors (mirrors) around the receiver.

33 D m /D i = D m /αf = 107.5(D m /F) D m = mirror dimension D i = image dimension α = 9.3E-3 radian = angle that the sun subtends when viewed from the Earth F = focal length Solar thermal farms Spherical mirror: CR = 1.154E4(D m /F) 2 Cylindrical mirror: Cr = E2(D m /F) CR = concentration ratio (T c ) max = T a + [βi(cr)]/u η = q/i = β [U(T c T a )]/[I(CR)]

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35 Photovoltaic cells N-type layer Si doped with P or As. Electron donors. P-type layer Si doped with B or Ga. Electron acceptors.

36 Solar cell efficiencies

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47 Marine energy Ocean power utilization and potential

48 Annapolis Tidal Power Generating Station, Nova Scotia

49 Equilibrium Tidal Theory Earth Uniformly Covered with Water

50 Spring and Neap Tides Phases of the Moon Diurnal vs Semi-diurnal tides

51 Dynamical Tidal Theory Tides are shallow water waves. Kelvin Tide Calculator

52 Rotary tides, amphidromic points, and cotidal lines

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54 Potential Tidal Energy

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56 P = power generated (Watts) C P = turbine efficiency ρ = density of seawater (1025 kg/m 3 A = sweep area of the turbine (m 2 ) V= velocity of the flow

57 Energy from Waves

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59 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)

60 Hawaii OTEC project Closed cycle heat exchangers transfer energy to and from a closed Rankine cycle working fluid which is usually ammonia.

61 Comparing Different Electricity-Generating Technologies Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) represents the per-kilowatt hour cost (in real dollars) of building and operating a generating plant over an assumed financial life and duty cycle. Key inputs to calculating LCOE include capital costs, fuel costs, fixed and variable operations and maintenance (O&M) costs, financing costs, and an assumed utilization rate for each plant type. The importance of the factors varies among the technologies. For technologies such as solar and wind generation that have no fuel costs and relatively small variable O&M costs, LCOE changes in rough proportion to the estimated capital cost of generation capacity. For technologies with significant fuel cost, both fuel cost and overnight cost estimates significantly affect LCOE. The availability of various incentives, including state or federal tax credits, can also impact the calculation of LCOE. As with any projection, there is uncertainty about all of these factors and their values can vary regionally and across time as technologies evolve and fuel prices change. From: The Power of Change: Innovation for Development and Deployment of Increasingly Clean Electric Power Technologies (2016) The National Academies Press, p A pdf copy of the above text is available free from the National Academies Press. Lots of great information.

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64 Transmission investment getting electricity from source to end users Dispatch profile essentially a measure of the availability of the power compared to a gas combined cycle plant. Negative values mean the power is more readily dispatched. Intermittent sources will yield a positive value.

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