1/60. Solar systems. solar system layouts heat demand collector area calculation
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1 1/60 Solar systems solar system layouts heat demand collector area calculation
2 Solar systems - applications 2/60 swimming pools (up to 35 C) hot water systems (up to 70 C) combined systems for hot water and space heating (up to 80 C) district heating solar cooling and air-conditioning (up to 150 C) industrial applications, process heat (up to 250 C) solar thermal power plants (300 to 600 C) air heating systems (drying, ventilation)
3 Solar hot water system with el. heater 3/60 electric heater as back-up heater in upper part of storage pump unit thermostatic valve d.h.w. expansion vessel coil exchanger
4 Solar hot water system with gas boiler 4/60 gas boiler as back-up heater in upper part of storage heating
5 Solar hot water preheating system 5/60 two heat exchangers in solar storage zone valve/ / 3 way valve
6 Solar hot water and swimming pool system 6/60
7 Solar multisource (multivalent) system 7/60 DHW, space heating, swimming pool
8 Solar multivalent system 8/60
9 Calculations 9/60 design of collector area daily heat demand in reference month daily system yield for 1 m 2 of collector in reference month determination of collector area evaluation of annual yields monthly demands monthly system energy yields for given collector area balance, usability of yields real energy yields
10 Solar systems design 10/60 heat demand reduction do the saving measures first! hot water saving taps, insulation of hot water distribution system (pipes), control of water circulation by time, temperature space heating low energy houses, passive houses (insulation, windows, ventilation heat recovery) low temperature space heating systems
11 Solar systems design 11/60 analyse the REAL heat demand (!) hot water long-term measurement, short-term measurements, hot water loads at required temperatures reference figures: usual HW demand 40 l/person.day (60 C) space heating EN ISO simple but detailed calculation degree-day method simple but sufficient for solar system design or evaluation
12 Daily hot water demand 12/60 residential low standard (60 / 15 C) 10 to 20 l/person.day usual standard high standard 20 to 40 l/person.day 40 to 80 l/person.day further data can be found e.g. in EN , VDI
13 Annual profile of hot water load 13/60 summer decrease (residential sector) vacations higher cold water temperature user behaviour (summer shower, winter bath) min 25 %
14 Measurement in block of flats 14/60 35 l/(per.day) hot water load cold water temperature odběr teplé vody teplota studené vody V [l/týden] ,3 C 28 % t SV [ C] 5000 Dt = 13 K 6,4 C
15 Daily hot water heat demand 15/60 Q HW V HW, day r c t 3,6 10 HW 6 t CW kwh/day V HW,day average daily hot water demand [m 3 /day] r water density 998 kg/m 3 c specific heat of water 4187 J/kg.K t CW cold water temperature 15 C t HW hot water temperature 60 C
16 Heat loss of hot water preparation 16/60 Q p, HW Q Q 1 HW loss, HW zqhw Hot water preparation z Local flow heaters 0.00 Central storage heaters (no hot water circulation) 0.15 Central storage heaters with controlled circulation 0.30 Central storage heaters with circulation (no control) 1.00 District heating, large distribution systems > 2.00
17 Example 1 hot water demand 17/60 daily demand 4 person x 40 l/person.day = 160 l/day hot water 60 C, cold water 15 C preparation in hot water tank with volume 200 l specific heat loss UA = 1.3 W/K (parameter of storage tank) calculate total hot water preparation demand
18 Example 1 18/60 Q HW V HW, day r c t 3,6 10 HW 6 t CW QHW , kwh/day Q loss, HW UA t st t 1000 room 24 daily heat loss Qloss,HW kwh/day
19 Example 1 19/60 total heat demand for hot water Q d, HW QHW Qloss, HW 9.65 kwh/day fraction of heat loss Qloss, HW 1.25 z 0.15 Q 8.4 HW
20 Space heating heat demand 20/60 EN ISO Energy performance of buildings Calculation of energy demand for heating and cooling monthly balance heat losses (transmission, ventilation) solar heat gains internal heat gains usability of gains based on accumulation in internal construction (time constant calculation)
21 Space heating heat demand 21/60 degree-day method simplified approach (daily, monthly, seasonal) Q SH 24 e Q N t i, t avg i, N t t e, avg e, N kwh/day Q N [kw] t i,n [ C] t e,n [ C] t i,avg [ C] t e,avg [ C] e [-] nominal (design) heat loss design indoor temperature design outdoor temperature daily average indoor temperature daily average outdoor temperature correction factor
22 Space heating heat demand 22/60 correction factor for degree day method (reduction in the consumption of heat) Include: - effects of regulation - discontinuous heating - solar heat gains - internal heat gains Building energy performance usual standard legislation requirement low-energy standard advanced constructions, ventilation with heat recovery passive standard passive house constructions, ventilation with efficient heat recovery e
23 Example 2 space heating demand 23/60 design parameters building design heat loss 5 kw design outdoor temperature t e,n = -12 C design indoor temperature t i,n = 20 C calculate daily space heating demand for April t i,avg = 20 C t e,avg = 8,8 C correction factor e = 0.6
24 Example 2 daily heat demand 24/60 Q SH 24 e Q N t i, t avg i, N t t e, avg e, N Q SH ( 12) 25.2 kwh/day (for April)
25 Example 2 heating season demand 25/60 Q SH 24 e Q N t i, t avg i, N t t e, avg e, N d number of days in heating season: d = 225 days average temperature: t e,avg = 4.3 C Q SH ( 12) 7948 kwh/season
26 Space heating heat demand 26/ potřeba tepla heat demand staré domy old houses 115 kwh/(m 2.a) I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII měsíc month
27 Space heating heat demand 27/ potřeba tepla heat demand běžné domy standard houses 55 kwh/(m 2.a) I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII měsíc month
28 Space heating heat demand 28/ potřeba tepla heat demand pasivní domy passive houses 19 kwh/(m 2.a) season without space heating! I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII měsíc month
29 heat demand Total heat demand 29/ potřeba tepla old houses DHW fraction: 15 % I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII měsíc month
30 heat demand Total heat demand 30/ potřeba tepla standard houses DHW fraction: 25 % I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII měsíc month
31 heat demand Total heat demand 31/ potřeba tepla passive houses DHW fraction: 50 % I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII měsíc month
32 Usable heat gain of collector 32/60 usable heat gain Q k,u [kwh/m 2 ] of solar collectors in given period (day, month) Q k, u 0,9 hk HT,day Ak 1 p kwh/day efficiency of solar collector for given conditions h k solar irradiation of given plane of solar collector H T,day climate data from tables heat loss of solar system reduction factors p according to type and size of the solar system, data from tables
33 Solar collector efficiency 33/60 average daily collector efficiency h k h k h 0 a 1 t k,m G t T,m e,s a 2 t k,m G t T,m e,s 2 mean fluid temperature t k,m in collector during the day according to type and size of solar system for mean ambient temperature in time of sunshine t e,s climate data from tables mean daily solar irradiance G T,m for given plane (slope, orientation) climate data from tables
34 Solar collector efficiency 34/60 mean daily fluid temperature in collector t k,m Application t k,m [ C] Water preheating, solar fraction < 35 % 35 Hot water preparation, 35 % < solar fraction < 70 % 40 Hot water preparation, solar fraction > 70 % 50 Hot water and space heating, solar fraction < 25 % 50 Hot water and space heating, solar fraction > 25 % 60
35 Heat losses relative figures 35/60 reduction factor Q,9 H A 1 p k, u 0 hk T,day k Application Hot water preparation, up to 10 m 2 0,20 Hot water preparation, from 10 to 50 m 2 0,10 Hot water preparation, from 50 to 200 m 2 0,05 Hot water preparation, above 200 m 2 0,03 Hot water and space heating, up to 10 m 2 0,30 Hot water and space heating, from 10 to 50 m 2 0,20 Hot water and space heating, from 50 to 200 m 2 0,10 Hot water and space heating, above 200 m 2 0,06 p
36 Determination of required collector area 36/60 Collector area design A k for given design day in typical design month climate and operation conditions to provide coverage of considered heat demand according to application, local conditions Q k, u 0 hk T,day k,9 H A 1 p Qp
37 Design months: hot water 37/60 family houses April and September (100% design fraction = meet a needs in April) mean fluid temperature t k,m = 40 C coverage of 60 % annual hot water heat demand block of flats July (100% design fraction) mean fluid temperature t k,m = 40 C coverage of % annual hot water heat demand
38 Design months: hot water 38/60 family house heat demand block of flats
39 Combined HW and SH systems 39/60 hot water and space heating May and September mean fluid temperature t k,m = 50 C consider meaningful use of summer excess heat gains consider solar fraction in spring and autumn (100 %?)
40 Combined systems 40/60 heat demand
41 Influence on components design 41/60 flowrate in solar system pipe dimensions insulation thickness hydraulic losses, hydraulic concept system circulation pump volume of solar system size of expansion vessel collector area influences the size of other system components supporting structure heat exchanger size, safety valve
42 Example 3 solar DHW for family house 42/60
43 Example 3 solar DHW system 43/60 daily demand 4 person x 35 l/person.day = 140 l/day hot water 60 C, cold water 15 C hot water tank, z = 0.15 small system up to 10 m 2, p = 0.20 calculate total heat demand for hot water preparation determine solar collector area for solar DHW preparation system
44 Example 3 heat demand 44/60 Q d, HW 1 zv r c t t HW, day 3, HW CW Qd, HW (1 0.15) , kwh/day
45 Example 3 solar collector 45/60 solar collector: flat-plate h 0 = 0.78 a 1 = 3.5 W/m 2 K a 2 = W/m 2 K 2 A k1 = 2.0 m 2 (aperture)
46 Example 3 balance 46/60 design for family house = design for April (September) daily balance p Q d, HW Qk, u 0,9 hk HT,day Ak Q d HW 0,9 hk H T,day Ak 2,
47 Example 3 solar irradiation 47/60 daily total solar irradiation for April (September), Prague slope 45, south theoretical H T,day,th = 7.16 (6.42) kwh/m 2.day diffuse H T,day,dif = 1.34 (1.16) kwh/m 2.day relative period of sunshine t r = 0.45 (0.53) H T,day H T,day,th t H 1 t r T,day,dif r 3.96 (3.95) kwh/m 2.day
48 Example 3 collector efficiency 48/60 average daily solar collector efficiency fluid temperature t k,m = 40 C ambient temperature in period of sunshine t e,s = mean daily irradiance G T,m = 527 (516) W/m (19.4) C h k h 0 a 1 t k,m G t T,m e,s a 2 t k,m G t T,m e,s (0.63)
49 Example 4 collector area 49/60 required solar collector area A k Q d, HW 0,9 hk HT, day 1 p 8.4 Ak m A k (4.7 m 2 ) 4.9 m 2 number of collectors =? 2 pcs (=4 m 2 ) or 3 pcs (=6 m 2 )?
50 Example 3 solar DHW for family house 50/60 next lecture!
51 Example 4 solar combisystem 51/60 hot water daily demand (same as previous example) 4 person x 35 l/person.day = 140 l/day hot water 60 C, cold water 15 C heat loss factor z = 15 % space heating nominal heat loss 4 kw (design indoor 20 C, design outdoor -12 C) share of heating system losses v = 5 %
52 Daily heat demand for hot water 52/60 Q d, HW 1 zv r c t t HW, day 3, HW CW Qd, HW (1 0.15) , kwh/day
53 Daily heat demand for space heating 53/60 May: September: t e,avg = 13.6 C t e,avg = 14.9 C e = 0.6 t i = 20 C Q d, SH Q d,sh Qd,SH t i, avg te, avg v t t 24 e Q 1 N i, N e, N ( 12) ( 12) kwh/day 9.6 kwh/day
54 Total heat demand 54/60 May Q SH Qd, HW Qd, d, HW SH 20.5 kwh/day September Q SH Qd, HW Qd, d, HW SH 18.1 kwh/day
55 Example 4 solar collector 55/60 solar collector: flat-plate h 0 = 0.78 a 1 = 3.5 W/m 2 K a 2 = W/m 2 K 2 A k1 = 2.0 m 2 (aperture)
56 Example 4 solar irradiation 56/60 daily total solar irradiation for May (September), Prague slope 45, south theoretical H T,day,th = 7.94 (6.42) kwh/m 2.day diffuse H T,day,dif = 1.62 (1.16) kwh/m 2.day relative period of sunshine t r = 0.51 (0.53) H T,day H T,day,th t H 1 t r T,day,dif r 4.84 (3.95) kwh/m 2.day
57 Example 4 collector efficiency 57/60 average daily solar collector efficiency fluid temperature t k,m = 50 C ambient temperature in period of sunshine t e,s = mean daily irradiance G T,m = 521 (516) W/m (19.4) C h k h 0 a 1 t k,m G t T,m e,s a 2 t k,m G t T,m e,s (0.55)
58 Example 4 collector area 58/60 required solar collector area A k Q d, HWSH 0,9 hk HT, day 1 p p = 0,30 (for A < 10 m 2 ) p = 0,20 (for A > 10 m 2 ) 20.5 Ak m Ak m m 2 number of collectors =? 5 pcs (=10 m 2 ) or 6 pcs (=12 m 2 )?
59 Example 4 solar combisystem 59/60 next lecture!
60 Next lecture annual performance 60/ Q TV, Q k [kwh] 65 % 60 % 40 % měsíc month
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