n A m I B I A U n I V ER SI TY OF SCIEnCE AnD TECHnOLOGY

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1 n A m I B I A U n I V ER SI TY OF SCIEnCE AnD TECHnOLOGY FACULTY OF HEALTH AND APPLIED SCIENCES DEPARTMENT HEALTH SCIENCES QUALIFICATION: BACHELOR IN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES QUALIFICATION CODE: 08BEHS LEVEL: 5 COURSE CODE: WAS512S COURSE NAME: WATER & SANITATION SESSION: NOVEMBER 2016 PAPER: THEORY DURATION: 3 HOURS MARKS: 100 FIRST OPPORTUNITY EXAMINATION QUESTION PAPER EXAMINER(S): MR. JOSHUA HIDINWA MODERATOR: MS. CHARMAINE JANSEN INSTRUCTIONS 1. Answer ALL the questions. 2. Write clearly and neatly. 3. Number the answers clearly. THIS QUESTION PAPER CONSISTS OF 6 PAGES (Including this front page) 1

2 SECTION A QUESTION 1 1. Choose the correct answer A general term for wastewater or used water includes storm-water runoff. Sewage; waste water that usually includes excreta and that is will be or has been carried in a sewer. A. Storm-water runoff B. Black water C. Sewage D. Sewer Domestic wastewaters not containing excreta or toilet wastes, sometimes called "grey water": A. Sludge B. Industrial sewage C. Domestic or sanitary sewage D. Industrial sewage E. Sullage The means of collecting and disposing of excreta and community liquid waste in a hygienic ways as not to endanger the community: A. Septic tank B. Sanitation C. Vacuum tanker D. Drain E. Effluent Human excreta with or without cleaning material, which are deposited in a bucket or other receptacle for manual removal: A. Desludging B. Night soil C. Compost D. Buck system A hole dug in the ground serving as a means of sanitation: A. Sewer B. Sludge C. Vacuum tanker D. Soak pit 2

3 A watertight chamber for the retention, partial treatment and discharge for further treatment of sewage: A. Soil Pollution B. Sludge C. Septic tank D. Sewer E. Soak away Solids that have been separated from liquid waste by sedimentation: A. Sewerage System B. Odour C. Black water D. Sludge E. hazardous waste The waste that comes out of toilets, example faeces, urine, paper, condoms, tampons and water and any another materials that people find convenient to flash down the toilets are called: A. Black water B. Industrial sewage C. Domestic sewer D. Sanitary sewage E. Sewer system Pipe through which sewage is carried: A. Sewer B. Sludge C. Drain D. Man hole E. Sewerage Lorry -mounted tank into which the contents of septic tank, drawn pump for transport to a treatment or disposal site: A. Vault B. VIP latrine C. Vacuum tanker D. Effluent 3

4 QUESTION 2 2. Match the statement in column A to the corresponding concept(s) in column B. Column A Column B 2.1 High levels cause lameness, loss of weight A Cryptosporidium and damage to the skeleton. 2.2 High levels cause deficiency result to B Rainwater enlargement of the thyroid glands and mental retardation and cretinism. 2.3 Short-term effects cause abdominal pain, c Carbon dioxide headache irritability. 2.4 Its presence is used as an indicator of faecal D Geological regions contamination can cause typhoid, cholera and diarrhea. 2.5 A parasite in drinking water which can E Turbidity survive chlorine disinfection. 2.6 Due to the insufficient water for hygiene. F Fluoride 2.7 lt dissolves minerals when it comes into G Microbiological contact with them. 2.8 It can cause the water to become more H Proportion acidic. 2.9 The types of minerals dissolved in the water I Conjunctivitis are characteristic of the High level in water can stimulate bacterial J Iodine growth. K lead L Fluoride Marks QUESTION 3 3. Indicate which of the following statements is True or False 3.1. Helminths are parasitic worms which doesn't grow and multiply in sewage Escherichia coli are the most common virus found in water contaminated with sewage Bottled water is entirely free of all infectious micro-organisms Low level of fluoride increase the incidence of the dental caries A concentration of 1.5mg/litre DDT results in skeletal fluorosis. 4

5 3.6. An example of wet waste is sludge Emptying a bucket ofthe sanitation facility can transmit HIV/AIDS to a person The Schistosoma haematobium can be found in the sewerage water with semi purified The Anopheles mosquitoes prefer a sewage environment to breed Manholes are confined spaces which are not dangerous due to accumulation of gases such as carbon monoxide. SECTION B [SECTION A TOTAL =30] QUESTION 4 [20 marks] 4.1. You have just been appointed in Ruacana Town Council as an EHP, and your council has introduced piped water system in the informal settlement. Describe the Sampling method you would imply from a tap to ensure that water is safe for human consumption. [10] Define the following terms: Cholera. [2] Clarifier also known as a settling tank. [2] Effluent. [2] BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand}. [2] Coagulation. [2] QUESTION 5 [15 marks] 5.0 Elaborate in your own words the difference between the following terms: 5.1. Septic tank: [2] 5.2. Manhole: [3] 5.3. Sewage: [2] 5.4. Black water: [3] 5.5. Explain the objectives of sewage treatment: [5] 5

6 QUESTION 6 [15 marks] 6.1. Describe the constraints on improving health through better sanitation centered on the political, economic, social and cultural contexts. [5] 6.2. Outline the steps in correct sequence of the treatment of community water supply in a water purification plant. [10] [SECTION B TOTAL =SO] SECTION C QUESTION Briefly explain how you will handle the situation of an outbreak of cholera due to inadequate sanitation facilities. [5] 7.2. Describe when testing of water is necessary. [5] QUESTION 8 [10marks] 8.1 Explain the United Nation Millennium Development Goals on water and sanitation. [10] [SECTION C TOTAL =20] Good Luck! 6