April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks Resilience and Community Case Studies

Transcription

1 Credit: EPA April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks Resilience and Community Case Studies Chris D. Poland, Consulting Engineer NIST Disaster Resilience Fellow Canyon Lake, California In collaboration with Rachel Davidson, Professor, University of Delaware

2 EERI Briefing Series of Videos Introduction: Objectives, methodology, unique features, team Bret Lizundia Nepal Earthquake: Geography, demographics, and general damage Surya Shrestha Seismology and Ground Motion Kishor Jaiswal Building Performance Part I: Building type overview, RC frame with masonry infill, and woodframe Hemant Kaushik Building Performance Part II: URM bearing wall, postearthquake safety evaluation, barricades/shoring, school retrofits Bret Lizundia Health Facility Performance Judy Mitrani-Reiser and Hari Kumar Social, Psychological and Cultural Factors Courtney Welton-Mitchell Geosciences Jan Kupec Emergency Response Ganesh Kumar Jimee Performance of Cultural Heritage Structures Suraj Shrestha Building Codes John Bevington Lifelines Rachel Davidson Resilience and Community Case Studies Chris Poland Summary of Findings Bret Lizundia

3 Community Resilience A Balancing Act The ability to prepare for and adapt to changing conditions and withstand and recover more rapidly from disruptions Source: NIST Community Resilience Guide 2015 Utilizing performance based design, work-arounds, and mutual aid

4 Preparedness, Response and Recovery Routine Expected Extreme Events Source: National Disaster Recovery Framework Villages (Extreme) Kathmandu (<Expected) Critical Facilities, Emergency Housing and Lifelines Housing, Neighborhoods, Business Community Economic Recovery

5 Kathmandu Valley Less than Expected Level of Shaking Few communities had emergency response plans. Damage was localized; disruption to lifeline systems was short term. Most needed work-arounds were already in place. Government remained operational. NGOs continued to provide services.

6 Kathmandu Valley Demolition of damaged buildings a first order concern. Temporary facilities were satisfactory. Short-term impact on the agricultural economy Schools reopened June 1 st with a mandated transition week. Many cultural treasures destroyed Tourism has not yet returned.

7 Villages Hundreds of villages experienced 80% to 95% damage possibly under extreme levels of shaking. Few if any local response plans were in place. Response was by improvisation. Nepal army and police were the first responders. NGO Clusters arrived within a week and were still setting up their recovery programs. Many trekking facilities destroyed

8 Villages Dozens of villages relocated due to landslides - the biggest challenge Self built interim shelters now being constructed with government funds 70%+ of the roads now cleared Water mostly available by tanker truck Cell phones operating; land lines down Agricultural economy partially affected. Full recovery is expected in 2-3 years. Rebuilding is underway; urban planning is possible, funding sources are in the PDNA plan Remittances continue. EERI / Rachel Davidson

9 Opportunities to Enhance Resilience Using the Built Environment 1. Housing 2. Construction Process 3. Transportation 4. Communication 5. Electricity 6. Critical Facilities 7. Water 8. Wastewater Treatment

10 1. Housing Shelter-in-Place with Safe Egress Observations: Current intent is life safety. Owners routinely ignored the code. Extreme vulnerability exists. Safe egress is often not available. High sheltering demand Recommendations: Upgrade code to shelter in place Re-plan before the next event for reconstruction: Access, open space, egress

11 2. Construction Process Observations: Owners often build without regard for the building code. Buildings are routinely expanded beyond the code limits. Recommendations: Owners need to embrace the value of building to code. Contractors should be trained and licensed. All construction should undergo plan review and inspections.

12 3. Transportation - Roads Observations: Damage due to landslides and ground failure seriously affected access to villages. Priority given to clear east-west highway and roads to China Well prepared due to monsoon related landslides Priority given to new roads over maintenance Recommendations: Provide wider and redundant routes to villages and lifeline systems.

13 3. Transportation - Airports Observations: Airport closed for inspection and to assemble operating personnel Reopened 24/7 with army and police help All civil aviation flights cancelled for two weeks. All domestic airports open. Runway capacity limited the weight of landings; parking limited the number. Recommendations: Update plans to increase capacity. Upgrade runway; provide additional emergency parking. Incorporate domestic airports to expand capacity.

14 4. Communications Observations: Dual mobile and land line systems multiple providers 25 million cell phones 80%-90% restored within 2 weeks. Experienced loss of power and tower damage New emergency network under development Recommendations: Retrofit vulnerable towers. Add redundancy.

15 5. Electricity Observations: Damage to generation, transmission, and distribution Power restored in 1 to 7 days in Kathmandu Valley, not fully restored in the villages Projects to double capacity in process Recommendations: Design for robustness. Add redundancy to transmission and distribution systems. Source: Nepal Electric Company

16 6. Critical Facilities Build and Retrofit to be Usable Observations: Hospitals, healthcare facilities Emergency operations centers Government facilities Police and fire stations Recommendations: Determine vulnerabilities. Plan for temporary operations. Retrofit/replace as possible

17 7. Water Observations: Currently 25-40% provided by KUKL. Balance from wells. Service restored in 1 to 10 days Projects to increase to 100% in process Depleting the groundwater Many villages not restored Recommendations: Design for robustness. Recharge groundwater.

18 8. Wastewater Treatment Observations: Most sewage discharged into rivers or septic systems Recommendations: New network of treatment plants should remain operational Design for robustness. Source: KUKL 7 th Anniversary Annual Report

19 Observations Related to Community Resilience in the United States 1. Resilience should begin with saving lives. 2. Emergency access needed to people and critical facilities. 3. Adopt and enforce proper performance-based building codes and inspect for compliance. 4. Distributed lifeline systems are naturally more resilient. 5. Understand community-wide recovery vulnerabilities, conceptualize work-arounds, and plan for mitigation when possible.

20 Community Case Studies to come Select a set of communities from a subset of those the team visited based on: Urban vs. rural More/less damage More/less preparedness Longitudinal study: Return to selected communities, tentatively, with Housner Fellow visit this year Resilience Observatory visit next year Summarize observations and interviews with officials and residents during each visit, with a focus on resilience and the continuum of recovery Document in a future report EERI / Bret Lizundia EERI / Bret Lizundia

21 Community Case Studies Questions to investigate may include: What was the level of pre-earthquake planning and readiness? What happened in the earthquake? How did recovery in various sectors proceed? How were decisions made? How were resources prioritized? Did they accomplish what they wanted? Did they have to change direction? What is left to do? How did the community change? What lessons can this provide for others? EERI / Jan Kupec EERI / Jan Kupec

22 References Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL) Annual Report, Seventh Anniversary, Kathmandu, 2071 Falgun (Feb-Mar 2015). Nepal Electricity Authority, Major Power Stations, Transmission Lines and Substations. Drawing received during June 2015 interview. Nepal Earthquake 2015, Post Disaster Needs Assessment, Executive Summary. Government of Nepal, National planning Commission. June 2015.

23 More Information: Reports, Data & Photos Visit EERI s Virtual Clearinghouse Website for: Geolocated Data Map Photo Gallery Team Report (available in late summer 2015) Reports from other teams & organizations Curated Topic Posts Thanks to my Virtual Team Collaborator, Martha Cuenca, who uploaded my photos to the EERI map

24 Acknowledgements I would like to thank the following individuals and organizations who supported my reconnaissance effort: National Science Foundation for travel support. EERI s Learning from Earthquakes Program for logistic support. NSET for coordination, logistics, and linkages to local individuals and organizations in Nepal. EERI LFE team members for the discussion and intellectual stimulation during the visit that enhanced my thinking and findings. For this presentation on Resilience and Community Case Studies advice was graciously provided by: Rachel Davidson, co-team member during on site information gathering Rob Olshansky and Laurie Johnson, EERI Resilience Observatory Project leads