Wash Booklet for seniors

Transcription

1 Wash Booklet for seniors Topics Covered. 1. Facts on WASH 2. The F-diagram 3. Safe water sources 4 HWT technologies 5. Solid waste management 6. Menstrual management 7. The MDGs 8. Zimbabwe towards the MDGs 1

2 Facts on WASH.Zimbabwe Africa Globally 2

3 o People deprived of improved sanitation services in 2004 Rural 5.9 million Urban 0.4 million (derived form CSO, 2002; NCU 2007) o Expected Zimbabwe population in million (C.S.O., 2002) o People without improved sanitation if the MDG 2015 is achieved 4.8 million (NCU, 2007) o Number of people that need to gain access to improved sanitation in the decade before 2015 to meet the MDG = 1. 5 million (Derived from NCU, 2007) o Proportion of people without a basic toilet in in 5 (DHS) o Access to sanitation linked to a sewage system: Zimbabwe, 17% (Derived from, CSO, 2002) Facts on WASH..Zimbabwe o Under five child mortality due to diseases (diarrhoea included), for urban areas 64 deaths per 1000 births and 72 deaths per 1000 births in rural areas. (DHS, 2005/6). o Prevalence of diarrhoea in below fives with improved toilet facility (1.7 million children) and with non improved toilet facility (3, 2 million children). (DHS, 2005/6). o Percent up to which washing hands at critical times with soap can reduce the number of diarrhoeal cases - 47% (Curtis V. And S. Cairncross, Lancet 2003) o Urban to rural ratio of people with access to water sources -98% (urban) vs. 68% (rural) (NCU, 2007 o Urban to rural ratio of people with access to improved sanitation 91%(urban) vs.25%(rural)(ncu,2007 o Urban to rural ratio of people with access to water sources -98% (urban) vs. 68% (rural) (NCU,

4 Facts on WASH. Africa o In Sub-Saharan Africa, treating diarrhoea consumes 12 percent of the health budget. On a typical day, more than half the hospital beds are occupied by patients suffering from faecal-related disease o Lack of safe water and sanitation costs sub-saharan Africa around 5% of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) each year. (UNDP 4

5 Facts on WASH. Globally o In Sub-Saharan Africa, treating diarrhoea consumes 12 percent of the health budget. On a typical day, more than half the hospital beds are occupied by patients suffering from faecal-related disease o Lack of safe water and sanitation costs sub-saharan Africa around 5% of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) each year. (UNDP o 884 million people in the world do not have access to safe water. This is roughly one in eight of the world's population. (WHO/UNICEF) o 2.6 billion people in the world do not have access to adequate sanitation, this is almost two fifths of the world's population. (WHO/UNICEF) o 1.4 million children die every year from diarrhoea caused by unclean water and poor sanitation - 4,000 child deaths a day or one child every 20 seconds. This equates to 160 infant school classrooms lost every single day to an entirely preventable public health crisis. (WHO/WaterAid) o One gram of human faeces can contain 10,000,000 viruses, 1,000,000 bacteria, 1,000 parasite cysts, 100 parasite eggs. (UNICEF) o Diarrhoea kills more children every year than AIDS, malaria and measles combined. (WHO) o 443 million school days are lost each year due to water-related diseases. o 11% more girls attend school when sanitation is available. (UK DFID) o Households in rural Africa spend an average of 26% of their time fetching water, and it is generally women who are burdened with the task. (UK DFID) 5

6 The F-diagram The F-Diagram is a cycle characterized by F s as follows: Fluids-the drinking of contaminated water Fields-the contamination of soil, crops, fruits etc by human excreta Fingers-faecal contamination of fingers/hands Food-eating food contaminated with faecal matter Flies-which spread diseases from feces to water and food. In addition to the above, the F-Diagram shows how diarrheal diseases are transmitted, controlled and prevented, for example, pathogens from faeces can contaminate the fingers and the fingers will then be used to eat food thus eventually the pathogens will get into the body and cause diseases. But this whole route can be prevented. Can you guess how? Washing ones hands i.e. good hygiene practices. 6

7 How to wash your hands effectively! Before applying any soap, wet your hands thoroughly with warm running water. Apply soap or ash Use the below six stages to decontaminate all areas of your hands. Rinse hands thoroughly with clean running water. 1. Palm to palm. 2. Palm to palm with fingers interlaced. 3. Palm to back with fingers interlaced. 4. Fingers clasped. 5. Rotational rubbing of both thumbs. 6. Tips of fingers in opposite palm 7

8 Basic Facts Causes The deadly diarrheal diseases!! Cholera Dysentery Typhoid Fever The cholera outbreak Common in that occurred between Developing countries. August 2008 and July 2010 resulted in cases and 4288 deaths. It is caused by a bacteria known as the Vibrio cholerae Its transmission is by the feacal-oral route. Symptoms profuse watery diarrhea without fever or abdominal cramps Rice water stool Vomiting which can be severe, and painful leg cramps Treatment ORS Antibiotics given to severe cases Prevention Adequate potable water supplies, Sanitation and Good personal hygiene There are two types of Amoebic dysentery which is common in equatorial regions and Bacterial dysentery which is also known as Shigella dysentery. Shigella dysentery is caused by Shigella.and is common in Zimbabwe. Mild to severe diarrhea, often containing blood and/or mucous, Stomach cramps and Fever ORS Antibiotics Adequate potable water supplies, Sanitation and Good personal hygiene Common in developing countries. It is caused by bacteria called salmonella typhi. The bacteria thrive in human, and are expelled from the human body mainly through stool and urine. You get typhoid by eating or drinking food or water that is contaminated by with human body waste. Typhoid usually causes a high, sustained fever, often as high as 40 C (104 F), and extreme exhaustion, constipation,cough headache, loss of appetite,stomach pains,sore throat bleeding from the rectum,diarrhea Antibiotics vaccine Observe basic sanitary and hygiene measures 8

9 Safe water Sources Although some 70% of the Earth's surface is covered by water much of this is saline. However freshwater is available in almost all populated areas of the earth although it may be expensive to access the water and the supply may not always be sustainable. Sources where water may be obtained include: Ground sources such as groundwater and aquifers. Precipitation which includes rain, hail, snow, fog, etc. surface water such as rivers, streams, Biological sources such as plants. the sea through desalination Uses of water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and 9

10 environmental activities. Virtually all of these human uses require fresh water. However, only 3% is fresh water of which slightly over two thirds is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. Hence you and I must conserve water! Most schools in the urban areas across the world have running water from their taps. The water is usually treated thus safe to use and drink. However, in most developing countries especially in the rural areas water supply in schools is in form of boreholes, protected wells, unprotected shallow wells, tanks with rain harvested water, rivers, springs and dams. While water from boreholes, protected wells and springs is usually safe for drinking the rest of the sources mentioned above provide water that needs treatment to make it safe. Remember drinking clean and safe water saves your life!!!! 10

11 School water treatment Not having a safe water source is not an excuse to drink dirty water. If water can be treated at home using technologies such as bio-sand filters, water can also be treated at school in order to allow every school child to have access to clean drinking water. Three low cost technologies can be adapted depending with the school i.e. chlorination, solar disinfection and bio-sand filters. 1. Chlorination This is where water is treated at the point of use. Chlorine solutions like Water Guard, aquatabs or sachets like Oasis. The user follows instruction written on the product. Benefits o residual protection against contamination o ease of use o low cost o can treat large amounts of water Draw backs o potential user taste and odor objections o kills mostly bacterial pathogens, viruses usually survive treatment o affected by turbidity 11

12 2. Solar Disinfection- SODIS SODIS is a solar water disinfection method which uses the sunlight and its UVA-Radiation and the heat it creates to make the water safe. So how do you use this technology? What to do? You just take a transparent PET plastic bottle of a volume up to 3 liters. You can not use colored bottles, damaged bottles, heavily scratched bottles and PVC bottles. You should store the water in the bottles otherwise it can get contaminated again by dirty hands or dirty glasses. The water should be drunk directly from the bottles or from a clean glass. If the weather is really cloudy the bottles should be exposed for two consecutive days. Advantages of SODIS compared to common treatment methods: 12

13 o SODIS saves your time, less work than boiling water. o SODIS does not change the taste of water unlike chemical products. o SODIS saves your money once you are using SODIS consistently and correctly you will not need to spent money on diarrhoeal medication and fuel. o You can use your SODIS-bottle for storing your drinking water. o The re-use of plastic bottles keeps your environment clean. Limitations of SODIS o SODIS does not change the chemical water quality o SODIS requires relatively clear water and suitable weather conditions o Limited volume of water that can be treated at once o Length of time required to treat water is long 13

14 3. Biosand filters The biosand filter has five distinct zones: 1) Inlet reservoir zone, 2) standing water zone 3) Biological zone, 4) non-biological zone, and 5) gravel zone. Pathogens and suspended solids are removed through a combination of biological and physical processes that take place in the Bio-layer and within the sand layer. These processes include the following: o Mechanical trapping. Suspended solids and pathogens are physically trapped in the spaces between the sand grains. o Predation. Pathogens are consumed by other microorganisms in the biolayer. o Absorption. Pathogens become attached to each other, suspended solids in the water and the sand grains o Natural death. Pathogens finish their life cycle or die because there is not enough food or oxygen for them to survive. Benefits o Can be used over and over again for a long time 14

15 o Materials to make it are locally available o Easy to maintain if properly installed Draw Backs o Prone to recontamination. There is no residual protection. o If water is too turbid the filter is less efficient Solid Waste Management in Schools What is Solid Waste? Solid waste refers to garbage, refuse, sludge or other waste matter of a solid nature. What is Solid Waste Management? Solid Waste Management is the process of reducing, re-using and recycling waste products. It requires a change in our habits but does not necessarily mean a return to a more difficult lifestyle. Good solid waste management improves our standard of living. All waste must be thrown in waste collection points e.g. bins and pits. The waste collection points have to be properly managed in order to make sure students are not at risk. In fact if we do not reduce waste, the economic and social cost of waste disposal will continue to increase and communities large and small will face increasingly harder decisions about managing their trash. We need to start re-using Paper, Glass, Bottles, Aluminum, Wrapping, and Organic Waste such as spoilt or unwanted portions of food items, for example, banana skins and plastics. 15

16 Precycling Precycling is making purchasing decisions that will reduce waste. Recycling Recycling on the other hand is the process of producing goods from waste products or where possible, finding other uses for them. Recycling and precycling Both help us to make the best use of our limited resources. We can all recycle solid waste. We must be dedicated to collecting recyclable items such as plastic and bottles In our school we can set points were waste that has been separated can be put thus easy to send it to industries for recycling e.g. a can cage for metal containers, bottle place for bottles and a paper cage for used papers. Recycling can be a team effort! Think about purchasing items which can be re-used. Our goal should be reducing solid waste! Menstrual Health and hygiene Sharing simple facts..the products that girls usually use during menstruation include; o Clean cloth- These are cut to fit the panty area by sewing several layers of cotton rags on top of each other. The cloth pad must be washed thoroughly and hung in a private but sunny place to dry in order to kill germs and bacteria that 16

17 might be present. The cloth must not be shared. Thus several of these can be made to enable one to change frequently. o Toilet tissue- depending with one s flow the tissue layers have to be reasonably thick to avoid staining and frequently changed. o Pads/ sanitary towels- These are already designed to fit the panty area and strips of tape help keep the pad stuck to the pant. Pads must also be frequently changed to avoid staining. Whatever a girl uses, she should frequently change it to avoid staining and odor. Pads cost more than toilet paper and cloth but all work equally well....what if you suddenly bleed through the clothes? Menstruation has often been dealt with secrecy in many cultures especially in developing countries. These perceptions together with poor and inadequate sanitary facilities have often kept girls from attending school especially during menstruation periods. Thus in many cases girls grow up with low self esteem and disempowered from poor educational attainments. So what is Menstruation? Menstruation is the normal, health shedding of blood and tissue from the uterus that exits the body via the vagina. It usually lust between 3 to 7 days. Menstruation begins when girl is between 9 and 14 years of age. It is a sign that a girl can now become pregnant and it happens for most girls once every month. Menstruation stops in the 40 s and this is known as menopause. Managing Menstruation in School Managing the menstrual flow is very important as it allows us to continue the regular activities like going to school, working etc. Menstruation as regular process needs good hygienic management. 17

18 This should not scare you, it happens to almost all of us at one time or another. 1. Tie a sweater or jacket around waist to cover the possible stain. Disposal of sanitary pads Disposal methods of sanitary pads are essential in that they ensure sustainable management. o Depending with the type of pad after use, it can be washed, wrapped in newspaper/ waste paper and dropped in bin provided in the toilets then given away as waste to garbage collectors or collected by those responsible for incineration of these pads. o If there is no disposal mechanism provided in your locality the pads can be disposed in a pit and burnt or once the pit is filled up, close the pit completely and use another one. o Or low cost technology incinerators can be developed especial in school in rural areas and boarding schools to ensure proper disposal of sanitary wastes. o The cloth pads also need to be thrown away after some time. The cloth pads can also be incinerated or disposed in a sanitary pit. o Flushing of pads in toilets should not be done as they 2. Then go to the bathroom and remove the stain 3. It is advisable to wear dark clothes and put an extra pant and pads on days when you are expecting your period or when you are flowing heavily. How do schools support good management of menstruation? 1. Presence of water in/near toilets for personal hygiene. 2. Incinerators/bins available in girls toilets for hygienic disposal of sanitary towels. 3. Material to wrap soiled sanitary pads should be made available e.g. old news papers. 4. Sanitary pads should be made available in school in case of emergencies. 5. The school should have rules on the proper use 18

19 Millennium Development Goals The Millennium Development Goals The new millennium was opened with a declaration by both the developing and developed countries to rid the world of poverty, illiteracy, promote human dignity, equality, peace, democracy and environmental sustainability. GOAL 5: IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH GOAL 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA & OTHER DISEASES GOAL7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY SUMMARY OF THE MDGs GOAL 1: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY & HUNGER GOAL 2: ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION GOAL 3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN GOAL 4: REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY GOAL 8: DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT In September 2000,the United Nations Millennium Summit sat a third goal to achieve universal primary education by 2015.The aim is to ensure that by 2015 children everywhere both boys and girls will be able to complete their primary schooling. 19

20 Why water, sanitation and hygiene is important for Education in Zimbabwe. Education and the emancipation of the girl child Improved access to water means children, mainly the girl child will spend less time collecting water for cleaning and consumption thus more time available to attend school and focus on their studies. Education and Health The availability of hygienic latrines and improved sanitation of the physical environment would lead to a decrease in Urinary Tract Infections and other infections connected to poor hygiene. This would also see improved concentration and better participation by students. Sickness has been proved to be stressful and impairs a child s ability to concentrate. Education and development Investment in water, sanitation and hygiene will enhance productivity and promote economic growth. Lack of education denies a society the basis for sustainable development. Education and income generation Safe and easy access to water and sanitation facilities enables effective utilization of resources and provides economic opportunity to supplement incomes that could be used to develop the quality of education and increase the percentage of the population who would attain primary education. 20

21 Zimbabwe and the MDGs The Millennium Development Goals bind countries to commit themselves to finding solutions from within their nations and provide practical solutions that are relevant to their particular problems. Our country Zimbabwe is working hard to achieve the MDGS. Some of the activities that the nation is doing to achieve the goals and which school children can participate include the following events: -Sanitation Week -Global Hand washing Day The Sanitation Week Sanitation week is a national event that is celebrated annually in September. The purpose of the sanitation week was and still remains to promote improved sanitation throughout Zimbabwe and raise awareness on the importance of sanitation in the context of national development. Access to safe drinking water and safe disposal of human excreta are regarded as universal needs and indeed - basic human rights, which are key to human development and poverty alleviation. 21

22 The first sanitation week was celebrated in Zimbabwe from the 14 th -18 th of September Zimbabwe also celebrated the International Year of Sanitation in September The Global Hand-washing Day The Global hand washing day was initiated in In Zimbabwe it was first celebrated in 2009, October the 15 th. It is now an annual global event in which we should all participate. The day was designed to do the following: o Foster and support a global and local culture of HWWS o Shine a spotlight on the state of hand washing in each country o Raise awareness about the benefits of HWWS The good news is that school children remain to be the main player in these activities. So get involved!!! 22

23 Children s Rights Human Rights are Children s Rights. According to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (20 November 1989), the following rights are among several children s rights: The right to safe drinking water The right to basic sanitation The right to protection from harm The right to education The right to good health The Convention on the Rights of a Child is a universally agreed set of nonnegotiable standards and obligations. These basic standards set minimum entitlements and freedoms that should be respected by governments and all people. The convention advocates for the protection of children s rights, to help meet their basic needs and to expand their opportunities to full potential. As a child, get involved in demanding for your rights!! 23

24 WASH CROSSWORD PUZZLE H 9 Down Up Across 1. A basic need of life.(5 words) 2. A pro-poor household water treatment method- solar water...(12 words)sodis 3. A common water washed disease. (7 words) 4. Hands should be washed... (3 words) times before eating. 5. A very common water treatment method (7 words) 6. Water related disease common in hot areas 7. Personal hygiene- keep your... (5 words) Short and clean 8. One of the properties of water that can be measured (2 words) 9. The... (6 words) of a cup is important for hygiene purposes Diagonal 10. If one suffers from severe diarrhoea,... (9 words) the patient 24