Transforming to Low Carbon City with Solid Waste Management

Transcription

1 Transforming to Low Carbon City with Solid Waste Management Dr. Paweena Panichayapichet Session V: Effective Energy from Waste for Smart City (Waste / Bio-Energy for City) องค การบร หารจ ดการก าซเร อนกระจก (องค การมหาชน): อบก. Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization): TGO

2 Sustainable Development Goals Source: Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization): TGO 2

3 Global greenhouse gas emissions in year 2012 In year 2012 Global greenhouse gas emissions is 47, MtCO 2 e (รวม LULUCF) Rank Country Total GHG Emissions (MtCO₂e ) Total (%) 1 China 10, % 2 United States 5, % 3 European Union (28) 4, % 4 European Union (15) 3, % 5 India 2, % 6 Russian Federation 2, % 7 Indonesia 1, % 8 Brazil 1, % 9 Japan 1, % 10 Canada % 27 Thailand % Source: World Resources Institute Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization): TGO 3

4 Thailand s greenhouse gas emissions in year Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization): TGO 4

5 Thailand s GHG Mitigation goal Pre-2020 Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) Thailand will endeavor, on a voluntary basis, to reduce its GHG emissions in the range of 7 to 20 percent below the Business as Usual (BAU) in energy and transportation sectors by 2020, subject to the level of international support provided [ ] Coverage: RE EE Bio-fuels Transport Post-2020 Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Thailand intends to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 20 percent from the projected business-as-usual (BAU) level by The level of contribution could increase up to 25 percent, subject to adequate and enhanced [support] through a balanced and ambitious global agreement [ ] Coverage: Economy-wide Inclusion of LULUCF will be decided later Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization): TGO 5

6 Thailand NAMAs INDCs Target Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization): TGO 6

7 Specific Plans National Policies/Plans on Climate Change and Environment Thailand s Policies/ Plans on Climate Change 12 th National Economic and Social Development Plan (NESDP) Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE) Thailand Climate Change Master Plan National Environment Quality Management Plan Ministry of Energy Ministry of Transport Ministry of Industry Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives Energy Efficiency Development Plan Alternative Energy Development Plan Power Development Plan (PDP2010 : Revision 3) Environmentally Sustainable Transport System Plan National Industrial Development Master Plan National Agricultural Development Plan Strategic Plan on Climate Change in the Agricultural Sector Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization): TGO 7

8 Low Carbon City Source: Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization): TGO 8

9 Urban Areas by Population, 2000 and 2010 Source: Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning (2015) Thailand s First Biennial Update Report Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization): TGO 9

10 Greenhouse gas emissions from cities Global 54% of world s population live in urban areas and will increase to 66% in 2050 Cities emit more than 70% of global energy-related CO 2 emissions Source: World Resources Institute, 2014 Thailand 35% of population live in urban areas Greenhouse gas management in city is different from other sectors and involved with many stakeholders Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization): TGO 10

11 Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector, Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization): TGO 11

12 Greenhouse gas emission from solid waste management 2011 (Units: million tco 2 e, %) Source: Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning (2015) Thailand s First Biennial Update Report Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization): TGO 12

13 What is Low Carbon City? Thailand Greenhouse Thailand Gas Greenhouse Management Gas Organization Management (Public Organization): (Public TGO Organization): TGO 13

14 Transforming to low carbon city with solid waste management National Budget $ $ $ Other key factors National/Sub-National policy Awareness and willingness Capacity Co-benefits Social acceptance Greenhouse gas mitigation plans Solid Waste Management Low Carbon City Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization): TGO 14

15 How to be a Low Carbon City 1. Study on the city carbon footprint 2. Identification of potential greenhouse gas emission reduction activities 3. Evaluation on GHG emission reductions 4. Implementation of GHG emission reduction activities 5. Monitoring of GHG emission reductions Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization): TGO 15

16 Level of Low Carbon City Provincial level From , 4 from 76 provinces (Bangkok,Phuket, Nonthaburi and Songkhla have participated in low carbon city project. City level From , 71 from 2,441 municipalities have been conducted the study on City Carbon Footprint The boundary will cover all the area which is responsible by municipality. City Carbon Footprint (CCF) Municipality level From , 127 from 2,441 municipalities joined the Carbon Footprint for Organization project. The boundary will cover only the buildings/activities belong to the municipality. Carbon Footprint for Organization (CFO) Carbon Footprint for Organization (CFO) and City Carbon Footprint (CCF) are the assessment of overall greenhouse gas emissions to determine an organization/city s carbon footprint, which will lead to policies and strategies to successfully reduce greenhouse gas emissions as an organization, a city and a country as a whole. Under the project, after conducted the study on CFO and/or CCF, the GHG mitigation potential would be identified. Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization): TGO 16

17 Low Carbon City: Mitigation activities Sector Energy Activity Energy efficiency improvement on lighting in households Energy efficiency improvement for street lighting Mitigation potential (tco 2 e/y) 24,655 5,155 Installation of solar PV system for buildings 19,440 Waste Methane avoidance by organic waste composting 25,665 Source: Data from TGO s study on 19 municipalities, 2015 Total 74,915 Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization): TGO 17

18 Greenhouse gas emission from solid waste Landfill gas from disposal of organic waste in landfill Source: Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007 B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, L.A. Meyer (eds) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization): TGO 18

19 Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSW) Master Plan Targets Not less than 75 % of MSW is properly managed in 2021 All of leaving leftover MSW generated after 2015 is properly managed within 2019 Not less than 50% Local Administration separates MSW at source. Actions i.e. Encourage the waste reduction using 3Rs (Reduce Reuse Recycle), particularly to reduce waste at source Increase capacity in waste collection and transport Increase capacity in waste disposal (disposal of leaving leftover MSW, integrated waste management) Promote the appropriate technology for waste management according to geographical location, waste amount, waste composition Support the capacity building for the local organization administration (LOA) on waste management Engage stakeholder participation Source: Pollution Control Department, 2016 Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization): TGO 19

20 Mitigation of greenhouse gas emission from solid waste Towprayoon, S. and K. Wangyao (2012). MSW Policy and WTE in Thailand, Center of Excellence on Energy Technology and Environment. หน า 7 Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization): TGO 20

21 Mitigation of Greenhouse gas emission from waste collection and transportation Waste collection Separate trash bins and recycling bins to increase recycle rate and reduce amount of waste Optimize collection routes and schedules Waste transportation Reduction of MSW decrease fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emission หน า 7 Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization): TGO 21

22 Mitigation of Greenhouse gas emission by recycle Reduction Avoid emissions from producing of virgin materials Emission Usage of electricity or fossil fuel Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization): TGO 22

23 Mitigation of greenhouse gas emission by landfill gas recovery Landfill gas recovery Reduction Avoid methane from disposal of organic waste in landfill Avoid electricity generation by using fossil fuel Emission Usage of electricity or fossil fuel Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization): TGO 23

24 Mitigation of greenhouse gas emission by anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digester Reduction Avoid methane from disposal of organic waste in landfill emission Usage of electricity or fossil fuel Avoid electricity or heat generation by using fossil fuel Leak from reactor Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization): TGO 24

25 Mitigation of greenhouse gas emission by incineration Incinerator combust only post recycled waste in highly controlled and efficient combustion systems with air emissions control components no open burning Reduction Avoid methane from disposal of organic waste in landfill Avoid electricity generation by using fossil fuel emission Usage of electricity or fossil fuel Combustion of carbon fossil fraction in waste i.e. plastic Anaerobic treatment of wastewater without methane recovery and usage Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization): TGO 25

26 Mitigation of greenhouse gas emission by production of RDF RDF Reduction Avoid methane from disposal of organic waste in landfill Avoid heat/electricity generation by using fossil fuel emission Usage of electricity or fossil fuel Anaerobic treatment of wastewater without methane recovery and usage Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization): TGO 26

27 Mitigation of greenhouse gas emission by composting composting Reduction Avoid methane from disposal of organic waste in landfill Avoid usage of chemical fertilizer emission Usage of electricity or fossil fuel CH 4 and N 2 O from composting South Pole Group 6/14/2017 Page 27 Thailand South Greenhouse Pole Group Gas 6/14/2017 Management Organization (Public Organization): Page 27 TGO 27

28 Conclusion -- Ways forward to be a Low Carbon City Transforming by seeing waste as a source of assets or a revenue-generating resource from which to recover both materials and energy 3Rs (reduce reuse recycle) shrink the volume of garbage and reduce the waste collection costs and also fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emission Implementation of GHG emission reduction activities from solid waste management that appropriate with the cities in the aspect of geographical location, waste amount, waste composition Avoidance of methane from disposal of organic waste in landfill can reduce most effectively the greenhouse gas emissions from solid waste management. Conversion of waste to energy not only reduces methane emission from disposal of organic waste but also reduces carbon dioxide emission from combustion of fossil fuel. However, only post-recycled waste shall be used. Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization): TGO 28

29 Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization): TGO The Government Complex, Ratthaprasasanabhakti Bldg., 9 th Fl., 120 Chaengwattana Rd., Laksi, Bangkok Tel Fax